Wednesday, October 30, 2019
Movie Alice in wonderland Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Movie Alice in wonderland - Essay Example Tim Burton’s portrayal of Underland is visually unique as is his point of view. Burton as director is essential to the overall look and feel of the film. This film grossed $319.3 million at the box office and DVD sales to date. The setting of the film at times is rather creepy. This Alice is unlike any others in the Alice and Wonderland films previously made. Alice is curious, but strong willed and not easily swayed into what she, eventually, does by the end of the film. Alice is visually stunning, but the portrayal by the actors is weak, the story itself is rather weak. For a fantasy film it works, little kids would enjoy this film, as well, but the action and adventure is just not something that Alice in Wonderland should have shown. For a fantasy film, I would need to see at least the following three criteria. First, it must be visually stunning, Star Wars saga falls here. Second, it must have strange and unique creatures to its world, e.g. Hobbit / Lord of the Rings movies. And third, there must be a quest which the lead character needs to complete, whether or not it is destined for him or his own altogether, Harry Potter saga. Alice in Wonderland is visually stunning. From the colorations of the wardrobe to the design of the characters themselves, Tim Burton has a knack for stunning visualization. And like Star Wars, which is visually stunning with a grimy feeling to it, Alice in Wonderland, with its gothic, dark feeling to it, still is quite visually stunning with the varied shapes of the settings, to the wardrobe and the make-up of each and every character in the story. The visuals of a boring party, even felt as though it were stuffy in the room as I watched this scene, to the many different place in Undeland (as Wonderland is called in this film) where the visuals change and your feelings to go along right with them.At one point in the film, shortly after Alice arrives in
Monday, October 28, 2019
Definition of Idioms and Collocations Essay Example for Free
Definition of Idioms and Collocations Essay A phrase which has a meaning that is commonly understood by speakers of the language, but whose meaning is often different from the normal meaning of the words is called an idiom. Of the various definitons of ‘idiom’, therr criteria, both semantic and syntactic, emerge as predominant. The first is semantic opacity, or what has come to be known as ‘noncompositionality’, the fact that the meaning of an idiom cannot be deduced from a sum of the meanings of its parts: in this sense, the meaning of an idiom is not ‘motivated’(bussmann 1996: 316). Thus, the meaning od ‘die’ cannot be produced from the sum of ‘kick’ + ‘the’+ ‘bucket’ , or ‘be patient, slow down’ from ‘hold’+ ‘your’+ ‘horses’. No constiluent os an idiom carries independent meaning. The secon criterion relates to the apparent morphological and transformational deficincies od idioms, in not permitting the syntatic variability displayed in other, freer sequences of words; operations such passive ( * the bucket was kicket by Sam), international modification ( * Hold your restless horses), and topicalization ( *The bucket Sam kicked) cannot occour with the idiomatic meaning being retained. The third criterion is the lack of substitutability in idioms, their ‘ lexical integrity’ (Fernando and Flavell 1981:38); synonymous lexical items cannot be substituted in an idiom, as in have a crush on , but not *have a smash on (Bussmann 1996: 216), nor can elements be reversed or deleted. Idioms are, therefore, syntagmatically and paradigmatically fixed (Nuccorini 1990: 418). In addition to these criteria, it has beed observed that idioms belong to an informal register, are figurative or metaphorical in meaning, have homonymous literal counterparts, are often â€Å"instutionalized†(Fernando and Flavell 1981: 17) or proverbial in nature (describling situations of common social interest), and have an affective quality (implying a certain affective stance) ( Nunberg, Sag, and Wasow 1994: 492-93). They are frequentlu nontranstable (Fernando and Flavell 1981 : 81) The term ‘collocation ‘ seems to date back toFirth, who discusses the collocation of ass with silly, obstinate, stupid, and awful (1957: 190-215); in defining the term , Crystal( 1997: 69-70) refers to the habitual cooccurrence of auspicious with occasion, event, sign, an so on, while Carter ( 1987: 57) contrasts the collocation {have, get} pins and needles, which is always plural and nonrever ible, with the free combination pin and needle. Like idioms, collocations are groups of lexical items which repeatedly or typically cooccur, but unlike idioms, their meanings can usually be deduced form the meaning of their parts ( but cf. Bussmann 1996: 81). Collocations are predictable to a greater or lesser degree, with some words having a very narrow collocational range ( e.g., spick, which may occur olny in spick and span) and others having a very wide collocational range ( e.g. , clean, which can occur in a wide variety of strrucures and phrases). Carter notes that the (near) synonymus putrid/rancid/addled/rotten have restrictions on the range of their collocability ( putrid fish and rancid butter, though not the reverse), but he also obseres that ranges are not entirely fixed but can be extended ( rotten fruit,though also perhaps rotten fish/eggs).
Saturday, October 26, 2019
Hayakawa Ch. 10 :: essays research papers
Hayakawa Chapter 10 †¢Ã‚     Giving Things Names o     A differentiation set itself up, and, abstracting the common characteristics. o     The question what is it really? Or what is its right name? are nonsense questions. o     Things can only have â€Å"right names†only if there is a necessary connection between symbols and things being symbolized. o     What we call things and where we draw the line between one class of things and another depends upon the interests we have and the purpose of the classification. o     Each is useful for its purpose. o     If our culture upbringing was different, the world would look different to us. o     Also, many people can’t distinguish between like things. For example salmon, perch, pickerel, etc. They just call them â€Å"fish.†o     When we name something we are classifying. o     The individual object or event we are naming has no name and belongs to no class until we put it in one. o     The extensional meaning of a word determines a prior existence. o     In matters of â€Å"race†and â€Å"nationality†, in the way in which classifications work is especially apparent. o     The effect that each classification has upon what he may or many not do constitutes their â€Å"reality.†o     It would be exactly as justifiable to say that any person with even a small amount of â€Å"white blood†is â€Å"white†. Because the former system of classification suits the convenience of those making the classification. o     Classification isn’t a matter of identifying â€Å"essences†but it is simply a reflection of social convenience or necessity. o     As soon as the process of classification is completed, our attitudes and our conduct are determined. †¢Ã‚     The Blocked Mind o     Snap judgments suggests that such errors can be avoided by thinking more slowly; this isn’t the case, for some people think very slowly with no better results. o     What we are concerned with is the way in which we block the development of our own minds by automatic reactions. o     Some people may say, â€Å"A Jew is a Jew and there’s no getting around that.†o     They have an extensional Jew with the fictitious â€Å"Jew†inside their heads. o     The fictitious â€Å"Jew†inside their heads remains unchanged in spite of their experiences. o     Some people ignore the characteristics left out in the process of classification. †¢Ã‚     Cow 1 Is Not Cow 2 o     Practically all statements in ordinary conversation, debate, and public controversy taking the form â€Å"Republicans are Republicans†are not true. o     An example is â€Å"business is business.†The 1st business invokes denotes the transaction under discussion and the 2nd invokes the connotations of the word. o     The terms of the classification tell us what the individuals in that class have in common.
Thursday, October 24, 2019
Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court as a Dystopian Work Essay
Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court as a Dystopian Work    For years, Mark Twain's "A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court" has been primarily viewed as a work of simple satire. Twain, desiring to poke fun at a group of America's cultural critics, chief among them Matthew Arnold, who claimed that cultural life in the U.S. treaded on shallow soil, takes aim at the venerated institutions of Britain. The author attempts to show that his country's lack of romanticized social structures, meaning an absence of royalty, the Catholic church, and long-dead knights and princesses, was far from a cultural weakness. Twain explodes the myth around idealized chivalric society and proves it to be no match for the Nineteenth Century man.  The book follows Twain's protagonist Hank Morgan, a pragmatist and the author's model of self-made, turn-of-the-century industrialist, through a time travel jump that lands him in Sixth Century England, specifically at the fabled Camelot. Here Hank, through ingenuity and entrepreneurial vigor, quickly ascends to the top of the socio-political structure of King Arthur's Court. What's more, Twain takes great pains in ridiculing both the role of the church in England and the ignoble position and lack of intelligence of the ruling royalty. He also pokes fun at the romanticizing of English culture during this period by illustrating the prostrate and dependent nature of the British aristocratic system -- a system void of democratic mechanism.  As a work of social satire, the beginning of the novel is fairly successful. At the outset of the work, Twain accomplishes what must have been his original task.  "The opening chapters, the direct attack, the... ...mbolic of American innocence and the Morgan and his machines of destruction as symbols of capitalism and industrialization, the novel becomes not chaotic literary failure, but dystopian science fiction popularized in the Twentieth Century. Where Huxley and others predicted enslavement to technology, Twain asserts that innocence and naivetà © have no place in and will be wiped out by modern society. His final analysis is that they cannot coexist.  Works Cited Bellamy, Gladys Carmen. Mark Twain as a Literary Artist. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1950.  DeVoto, Benard. Mark Twain's America. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1935. Twain, Mark. A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court. New York: P.F. Collier and Son Company, 1889. Wagenknecht, Edward. Mark Twain: The Man and His Work. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1935.
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
India’s Land Resource Essay
Land Resources in India envelop approximately 1. 3 million sq miles and is a cape protruding into the Indian Ocean in between the Bay of Bengal on the east and Arabian Sea on the west. In spite of sufficient accessibility of landed topography, population pressure in the country is excessive and that makes space for both food production and the real estate market. However, land resources in India are both essential and at shortage in present days. Land resources in India are considered as non-renewable energy reserve. Further, they are associated with a host of several other elements such as agrarian base of rural as well as urban economy, accessibility of water, and other factors. Speedy urban expansion and the rising land usages have changed because of the increasing population growth and economic development in some selected landscapes is being observed in India of late. The monitoring of land use changes is essential to understand land use over different sequential or spatial time scales for successful land management. Today, with increasing urbanization as well as industrialisation, an increased pressure has been witnessed on land, water and other environment resources, mainly in big metropolitan cities. In order to utilize available land resources in India effectively, the country is re-organising efforts in the areas of land resource management. Thus, there has been a growth in land resource companies as well as in other service providers across the country. India occupies a land area of around 3,287,263 sq km. There are different types of land in India, of which 54. 7 percent of it is civilised land. The several types of land resources in India include agricultural land, farmland, barren land, real estate land, commercial land and residential land. Majority of the population of Indian are engaged in agricultural and allied activities and thus agricultural land accounts for near about 54. 7 percent of the total land area of the country. These are mostly situated on the outskirts of metropolitan cites. There are lands for agricultural activities in almost every state of the country. Land resources in India also include vast barren lands. They are mostly found in states like Rajasthan, parts of Leh and Jammu as snowfall prevents any major cultivation here. Real Estate lands are growing at an incredible rate in India. With the people becoming mobile due to transferable jobs the growth of houses and apartments has increased vastly all over India. Havelis in Rajasthan Commercial land is becoming more expensive with passing years. All the major Indian cities are busy building up colossal marts, market plazas, malls, shopping complexes as all international brands are making their presence felt in India in a major planning along with many new local retailers. Farmlands are also a type of land resources in India and are considered as restricted property of the famous and the elite people. There is a strong competition in acquiring the best of farmlands, as they can be nestled in the lap of picturesque valleys replete with streams, private piece of beach in Goa, Puducherry or private Havelis in Rajasthan. The trend of love for nature and due to less available space in city apartments, farm land is fast becoming the best option for land resources in India. Residential Land is fast becoming scarce in the mad rush to stay near work places and near to the urban city patches. Thus, land resources in India are crucial factors dealt by the Indian government and managed effectively according to the requirements
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
Smart Cities Essays - Ministry Of Urban Development, Free Essays
Smart Cities Essays - Ministry Of Urban Development, Free Essays Ministry of Urban Development Government of India June 2015 Smart Cities Mission Statement & Guidelines Government of India Ministry of Urban Development (June, 2015) Contents 1. The Challenge of Urbanization 5 2. What is a smart city 5 3. Smart City Features 7 4. Coverage and Duration 7 5. Strategy 8 6. Proposal Preparation 9 7. Smart Cities Selection Process 10 8. How Many Smart Cities in Each State/UT? 11 9. The Process of Selection of Smart Cities 11 10. Implementation by Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) 12 11. Financing of Smart Cities 13 12. Funds Release 14 13. Mission Monitoring 15 14. Convergence with Other Government Schemes 17 15. Challenges 18 Annexures Annexure 1: Scope of work for the Smart City Consulting Firm 21 Annexure 2: Number of cities allocated to States based on urban population and number of statutory towns 23 Annexure 3: Challenge Stage 1: Preconditions and Documents to be submitted by each State 25 Annexure 4: Challenge Stage 2: Criteria and Indicative Table of Contents 33 Annexure 5: Structure and Functions of SPV 37 Annexure 6: Utilization Certificate Format 41 Annexure 7: Score Card for Smart Cities 42 5 Smart Cities Mission 1. The Challenge of Urbanization 1.1 Cities are engines of growth for the economy of every nation, including India. Nearly 31% of Indias current population lives in urban areas and contributes 63% of Indias GDP (Census 2011). With increasing urbanization, urban areas are expected to house 40% of Indias population and contribute 75% of Indias GDP by 2030. This requires comprehensive development of physical, institutional, social and economic infrastructure. All are important in improving the quality of life and attracting people and investments to the City, setting in motion a virtuous cycle of growth and development. Development of Smart Cities is a step in that direction. 2. What is a smart city 2.1 The first question is what is meant by a smart city. The answer is, there is no universally accepted definition of a Smart City. It means different things to different people. The conceptualisation of Smart City, therefore, varies from city to city and country to country, depending on the level of development, willingness to change and reform, resources and aspirations of the city residents. A Smart City would have a different connotation in India than, say, Europe. Even in India, there is no one way of defining a Smart City. 2.2 Some definitional boundaries are required to guide cities in the Mission. In the imagination of any city dweller in India, the picture of a Smart City contains a wish list of infrastructure and services that describes his or her level of aspiration. To provide for the aspirations and needs of the citizens, urban planners ideally aim at developing the entire urban eco-system, which is represented by the four pillars of comprehensive development institutional, physical, social and economic infrastructure. This can be a long term goal and cities can work towards developing such comprehensive infrastructure incrementally, adding on layers of smartness. 2.3 In the approach to the Smart Cities Mission, the objective is to promote cities that provide core infrastructure and give a decent quality of life to its citizens, a clean and sustainable environment and application of Smart Solutions. The focus is on sustainable and inclusive development and the idea is to look at compact areas, create a replicable model which will act like a light house to other aspiring cities. The Smart Cities Mission of the Government is a bold, new initiative. It is meant to set examples that can be replicated both within and outside the Smart City, catalysing the creation of similar Smart Cities in various regions and parts of the country. 2.4 The core infrastructure elements in a Smart City would include: i. adequate water supply, ii. assured electricity supply, iii. sanitation, including solid waste management, 6 iv. efficient urban mobility and public transport, v. affordable housing, especially for the poor, vi. robust IT connectivity and digitalization, vii. good governance, especially e-Governance and citizen participation, viii. sustainable environment, ix. safety and security of citizens, particularly women, children and the elderly, and x. health and education. 2.5 As far as Smart Solutions are concerned, an illustrative list is given below. This is not, however, an exhaustive list, and cities are free to add more applications. 2.6 Accordingly, the purpose of the Smart Cities Mission is to drive economic growth and improve the quality of life of people by enabling local area development and harnessing technology, especially technology that leads to Smart outcomes. Area-based development will transform existing areas (retrofit and redevelop), including slums, into better planned ones, thereby improving liveability of the whole City. New areas (greenfield) will be developed
Monday, October 21, 2019
U.S. history essays
U.S. history essays Why did American nativist groups oppose free, unrestricted immigration in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? I think there are many reasons why American nativists did not want immigrants to come to America. They feared that they would take most of the jobs; they feared that there would be a lot of racial discrimination; they feared that they would loose their religion, but I think the biggest thing Americans feared was to change. I think they feared change in many ways; in their religion, in their society, in their government, and many other things. They feared that if enough immigrants came then their religion would disappear because, I dont think any foreigners were protestant, the main religion in the United States at the time. If enough immigrants came then they would automatically change the American society to adapt to their own, what ever it was. If they got control of the society then it would not be too hard to change the government, when they got control of the government then they would change the American government to adapt to their government. They also feared that they would loose their jobs because the immigrants were willing to work for a smaller wage then the Americans. They were probably willing to work for a smaller wage because to them the American dollar was worth a lot more then whatever type of currency they had back in their countries. For example, if you are a store owner and you get two applicants for the same job, you will get the same amount of work out of both of them, but one of them is asking for a smaller wage, you tell me, which one would you hire. Oh yeah, you were almost guaranteed that the immigrant would never join a union or go on a strike. I think that if you are not willing to undergo change then you will never get ahead in life. If you were an American then you should of used the immigrants to your advantage. One out of hun ...
Sunday, October 20, 2019
Print Any Type of Document Using Delphi
Print Any Type of Document Using Delphi If your Delphi application needs to operate on various types of files, one of the tasks you might have for your application is to allow the user of the application to print a file, whatever the file type is. Most document-oriented applications, like MS Word, MS Excel or Adobe can easily print documents created in that program. For example, Microsoft Word saves the text you write in documents with DOC extension. Since Word determines what is the raw contents of a .DOC file it knows how to print .DOC files. The same applies for any known file type holding some printable information. What if you need to print various types of documents/files from your application? Can you know how to send the file to the printer in order for it to be printed correctly? Print From Delphi We can ask Windows what application can print, for example, a PDF file. Or, even better, we can tell Windows, heres one PDF file, send it to the application associated / in charge of printing PDF files. To do this, open up Windows Explorer, navigate to a directory containing some printable files. For most of the file types on your system, when you right-click a file in Windows Explorer, you will locate the Print command. Executing the Print shell command will result in the file being sent to the default printer. Well, thats exactly what we want: for a file type, call a method that will send the file to the associated application for printing. The function we are after is the ShellExecute API function. ShellExecute: Print / PrintTo However, ShellExecute can do much more. ShellExecute can be used to launch an application, open Windows Explorer, initiate a search beginning in the specified directory, and- whats of greatest interest to us- print the specified file. Specify Printer Using the above call, a document document.doc located on the root of the C drive will be sent to the Windows default printer. ShellExecute always uses the default printer for the print action. What if you need to print to a different printer, what if you want to allow the user to change the printer? The PrintTo Shell Command Before you copy and paste: the Printer global variable (TPrinter type) available in all Delphi programs can be used to manage any printing performed by an application. The printer is defined in the printers unit, ShellExecute is defined in the shellapi unit. Drop a TComboBox on a form. Name it cboPrinter. Set Style to csDropDownLidtPut the next two lines in the forms OnCreate even handler: //have available printers in the combo boxcboPrinter.Items.Assign(printer.Printers);//pre-select the default / active printercboPrinter.ItemIndex : printer.PrinterIndex; use to print any document type to a specified printer Note: some document types do not have an application associated with printing. Some do not have the printto action specified.
Saturday, October 19, 2019
Social Welfare and Social Work Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words
Social Welfare and Social Work Practice - Essay Example The Scandinavian Model attempts to provide benefits to all citizens on an equal footing, regardless of employment status. In contrast, The Beveridge Model seeks to provide benefits to those citizens perceived as experiencing "the greatest need" (Ploug). First advocated by the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck, the third model benefits most "those who have been on the labour market" (Ploug), and the fourth model places the burden of welfare on the family. It is with the first two of these models, and the countries in which they are practiced, that this essay is concerned. Quality of life is in large part dictated by the way in which a state runs its welfare policies. Such concepts as social cohesion versus social exclusion are important identifiers of the quality of life that is typical in a state. These things influence and are influenced by such variables as citizenship, migration, and even the state of the family units. State welfare policies often have much to say on these topics. Though many are the domestic factors influencing the direction of a state's policies, these policies are often also influenced by outside factors, such as trade and senior governing bodies. Since its inception, the European Union has implemented policies that have affected the way its member states carry out their own social welfare policies. This supranational body was developed over several decades, and now comprises 25 co-operating European countries. It recognizes its principal goal as being "to promote and expand cooperation among member states in economics and trade, social issues, foreign policy, security and defense, and judicial matters" (Urwin, 2005). Based on the fact that a major goal of the EU is the unification of the European market and the reduction of economic disparities among the member states, many of the policies with which it is concerned also affect the social welfare policies of its member states (2005). In addition, lobbyists for several causes frequent its gates in order to influence the formulation of policy. Though the extent to which the EU exerts influence on its member states is varied, the United Kingdom and Scandinavian countries have h ad to make changes or adjustments to their policies in response to the actions of the European Union. This essay will, therefore, discuss the similarities and differences of the two models represented in these regions in light of social cohesion and exclusion, migration, citizenship and family life. It will also examine the two models in light of ways in which they have changed as a result of the influence of the European Union. The term "Scandinavian welfare model" specifically defines the method of state-run welfare as it exists in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. The type of welfare system represented in this model is often placed in what is known as the "Social-Democratic" camp, though this does not necessarily mean that its tenets are supported solely by the socialist parties of those countries (Ploug). The system is, however, based on the idea of equality, and it recognizes what it considers the right that each individual possesses to the opportunities that will secure a good quality of life. This, therefore, is provided to all citizens regardless of their social or employment status. On the other hand, the social welfare model adopted by the United Kingdom (also known as the Beveridge model) is placed in what is known as the liberal camp. This system was developed "to encourage the provision
Friday, October 18, 2019
Small company Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Small company - Lab Report Example a) Calculate in UK £ how much the company has to invest in each country. For your calculations use the US dollar exchange rates given in the table below. Lay out clearly how you work out each exchange rate. Work to four d.p. Question: To invest the company needs to borrow another  £110,000. There are two banks that are offering a ten year (the term) loan where interest is paid each year and the loan repaid at the end. Bank A is offering to lend the money at an interest rate of 2.1% compounded monthly. Bank B is offering to lend the money at an interest rate of 2.05% compounded weekly. Annual percentage rate (APR) is delineated as an annual rate is charged for borrowing. It is usually expressed as one percentage representing annual cost of funds over the term of a loan for a particular of time. The meaning of the possible negative portion of the graph is that the company can supply a lot to the market than what is demanded. Even with the excess supply there is a particular price tagged to it. As supply surpasses the demand, the prices will go down as the company lowers its production. The firm, should reduce what they produce to the market at this point. (a) Use the inverse demand and supply functions you worked out for task 4 and 5 and your knowledge of simultaneous equations to work out the equilibrium quantity for demand and supply for your company’s good by equating the two functions of P. (d) Plot on one graph with suitable scales etc the inverse supply and demand functions from task 4 and 5 to confirm your answer for the equilibrium demand and supply quantity and the equilibrium price you worked out above. Overall you have projected a 14.87% year on year return in investment for the company. If the company start with an investment of  £132,000 how long will it take the company to at least double its investment? The figures presented shows that the firm has good prospects and has various
ENGLISH LEGAL HISTORY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words
ENGLISH LEGAL HISTORY - Essay Example Such a long experience of many generations has given this system the depth no legal systems in the world can match. The process of going through ages of human civilization has evolved this system in such a way that it not only meets the legal standards of practicability but also the human side of it. British legal system is consistent with the thinking of its citizens. Traditions and conventions are at the heart of it making the law and the folk wisdom compatible with each other. This traditional approach has given rise to certain inherent principles of British legal system e.g. the doctrine of rule of law, independence of judiciary and habeas corpus. These principles –just like the legal system itself- have evolved over a period of centuries and form the basis of British system of Justice. The fact that most of the modern day world has also benefited from the British common law principles, make these traditional laws a sound base for many universally accepted rules now. In the below discussion we will look at some of these principles in detail. We will highlight their evolution, their importance in the development of legal system and their implications in the modern age. We will also see how the tradition side of these rules still reflects itself in the developed laws. Habeas Corpus is a Latin word which means ‘you shall have the body’. In legal sense it represents a method through which any person can claim relief against unlawful attest or detention from any other person or even the legal system itself. In other words, it is a system through which the court can order to bring a detained person so that it may be ascertained whether he was detained lawfully or not. The petition of Habeas Corpus can be brought by the person himself or if he is unable to seek such remedy because of being in detention, then by any other person. Habeas Corpus is originally an English concept which originated in the early
Thursday, October 17, 2019
Social media in the moder business Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words
Social media in the moder business - Coursework Example Some employees have developed poor work ethics since the introduction of social media. It has also improved other people’s professional conduct. There are risks exposed to the businesses brought by social media. These risks affect the market in general and the digitalization of other sectors in the economy. This paper is going to highlight the changing nature of the relationship that exist between social media and modern business. It is going to show the findings made on the benefits of social media in business. There is an evaluation of technology, which will define the driving force behind the use of social media in business. The overall aims of this paper include showing why the business community is using the social media in its business activities. There are many important aspects of social media in businesses. The business will reach its target audience because it is a form of advertisement (Dave 2010, p 12-68). There is an assumption that many people have access to the social media. Thus, it is easy to market a business online. The challenge of any business is to find customers for goods and services. Different research papers have shown there are various customer segments in the social media. The current trend in business is using the segments to categorize the market. Social media offers a variety of businesses to the customers. They have designed search engines that make it easy for consumers to look for what they want. For example, Facebook has fan pages. Businesses can create their own page in such sites to reach customers. With this, they will attract new customers and expand their markets (Hendricks, 2012, p 56). There is increased relationship between the social media and the businesses. This is because there is reduced cost of production while using the social media (Qualman, 2012, p. 45). Media advertisement is expensive to use and very competitive. Managers prefer to spend less and gain much in business. This has caused a shift from
Corporate protection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
Corporate protection - Essay Example In order to achieve these objectives, the company has made an effort of sending its Chief Financial officer and CEO to the Caucasus region, as a fact-finding mission, as well as deploying an expatriate group of 25 employees for 6 months, in order to familiarize with engineering and drilling techniques required in the region. However, the stated objectives of the company have led to it facing a number of threats which requires it to take action. It is needed to increase the expertise of its Protective Security Managers for better examination and understanding of threats hence planing and implementing effective security strategy (Kit bond corporate protection services n.d.). The purpose of the strategy will be to provide protective security solutions, capable of not only maximizing protection for the employees, but also ensuring their liberty in conducting operations in the region. Textar Oil and Gas Company as a multinational corporate organization in the field of gas and oil global exploitation, is facing a lot of difficulties. It is experiencing a number of threats which are putting its employees, especially those in the caucasus region, into a great danger. The emerging Textar’s competitive companies in the market are responsible of these threats. To provide better solutons for these threats, the Company has proposed a corporate orientated protective security solution, through a strategy that involves two maximum security corporations (Halibozek & Kovacich 2003). These security corparations can work as separate entities but in the case of Textar Company, they have decided to work as one unit inoder to ensure maximum security for the company, as well as its employees especially those working in the caucasus regions which seems to be the most insecure region. The first security corporation is KBCPS. This is an asset protection corporation, developed to offer interventions
Wednesday, October 16, 2019
Social media in the moder business Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words
Social media in the moder business - Coursework Example Some employees have developed poor work ethics since the introduction of social media. It has also improved other people’s professional conduct. There are risks exposed to the businesses brought by social media. These risks affect the market in general and the digitalization of other sectors in the economy. This paper is going to highlight the changing nature of the relationship that exist between social media and modern business. It is going to show the findings made on the benefits of social media in business. There is an evaluation of technology, which will define the driving force behind the use of social media in business. The overall aims of this paper include showing why the business community is using the social media in its business activities. There are many important aspects of social media in businesses. The business will reach its target audience because it is a form of advertisement (Dave 2010, p 12-68). There is an assumption that many people have access to the social media. Thus, it is easy to market a business online. The challenge of any business is to find customers for goods and services. Different research papers have shown there are various customer segments in the social media. The current trend in business is using the segments to categorize the market. Social media offers a variety of businesses to the customers. They have designed search engines that make it easy for consumers to look for what they want. For example, Facebook has fan pages. Businesses can create their own page in such sites to reach customers. With this, they will attract new customers and expand their markets (Hendricks, 2012, p 56). There is increased relationship between the social media and the businesses. This is because there is reduced cost of production while using the social media (Qualman, 2012, p. 45). Media advertisement is expensive to use and very competitive. Managers prefer to spend less and gain much in business. This has caused a shift from
Tuesday, October 15, 2019
Contract law- solving a problem Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Contract law- solving a problem - Assignment Example This means the agreement is regulated and injured parties is provided with remedy should the contractual obligations fail to occur. In this case, Pete on realizing that the business is registering lower profits as a result of foreign competition approaches his landlord to have a reduction in payment of rent. Nath on the other hand ascents to this with a promise. This however does not qualify as a consideration in the contract. Whincup (2006) This case relates to the Rule in the High Trees (Central London Property Ltd v. High Trees House Ltd, 1947). High Trees entered into a rental agreement to rent flats from CLT. As the war proceeded High Trees, lack of enough clients made it difficult for High Trees to receive adequate rental income. Consequently, CLT accepted to receive reduced amount of rent. On completion of the war, CLT demanded full rent as the number of tenants started to rise. The court ruled that original full rent would be paid. However CLT could have no claim for the arrears. This ruling was based on the promissory estoppel that hindered CLT from going back to his promise (Ottley and Rush, 2006). As ruled out in the Pinnel’s case, (1602). Cole owed as sum of  £8.50 to Pinnel. This was due on November the 11th. Pinnel however made a request and Cole sent a lesser payment of  £5.11 on the first day of October. Pinnel agreed this amount in full settlement. Pinnel thereafter sued his debtor for the amount owed. The court decided that acceptance of part-payment was not a consideration but this would be binding in the case that fresh consideration be provided by the debtor if the creditor requested so. In relation to the case of Central London Property Ltd v. High Trees House Ltd, 1947), Nath accepted half rental payment. Pete promise was non-contractual and not sufficient for consideration. According to (Bose, 2008), promise made by debtor in payment of time barred debt
Innate Ability on Universal Grammar Essay Example for Free
Innate Ability on Universal Grammar Essay Language is a very important aspect of the lives of the people. Because of language and the interaction of people, communication transpires and it enables everyone to connect with everyone else. It is with the use of language that simple whims and requests to more difficult conversations and negotiations which concern the nation’s affairs or economic and business transactions can be granted. Moreover, language reflects the history and culture of a certain nationâ€â€it can mirror the characteristics and attitudes of a person. However, no matter how helpful land useful language is, there are instances when language causes disputes and misunderstandings as there are over a hundred of languages of different nations which lead to confusion on meaning. In addition, even if the same people share the same language, miscommunication can still arise due to the fact that there are confusing meanings and different interpretations that vary from person to person. However, there is something very integral in language in which, no matter what country a person belongs to, he or she is still able to practice. No matter what language it is, there should always be a form or order of words which enables the receiver of the message at the other end to comprehend the message. This is the semantic aspect of language which encompasses and is integral to all languages. Even if there is a tremendous difference in the languages of each country, semantics ties them all together and is greatly connected to the one which this paper is actually going to exploreâ€â€grammar. The Concept of the Universal Grammar Grammar is defined by many different people and according to different contexts. Students and younger kids may have the opinion that it is something so complex, tedious, and monotonous. On the other hand, academic people, scholars, and linguists may have an opinion that it is something so enthralling and exciting. Though different in their perceptions, one thing remains the same: It is imperative for a person to fully use it with accuracy and appropriateness as to ensure that effective communication is made. While grammar and linguistics is indeed complex, this paper will only focus on one aspect of these subjects which connects not only grammar and linguistics but also includes the fields of psychology, neurology, and history: the concept of Universal Grammar. There have been many speculations about the theory of universal grammar (UG) and its existence in the first place. There have been a couple of people of people who rebuked Chomsky’s theory of universal grammar and that â€Å"UG is a theory which provides constraints on linguistic representation†(White 1). According to the Merriam-Webster Online, however, Universal Grammar is defined as: â€Å"the study of general principles believed to underlie the grammatical phenomena of all languages ; also such principles viewed as part of an innate human capacity for learning a language. †The first definition is actually more appropriate with regard to the introduction of this essay, but the latter is more apt with regard to the genuine focus of the paperâ€â€the capability or ability of humans on language-learning and the amazing naturalness of it that it actually seems innate in everyone. It is with the person of Noam Chomsky to whom the theory of universal grammar can be traced. Chomsky is the famous linguist who theorized the concept of universal grammar which actually leads to a whole other dimension on languages and linguistics: UG is a theory of knowledge, not behavior; its concern is with the internal structure of the human mind. UG theory holds that the speaker knows a set of principles that apply to all languages Each principle of language that is proposed is a substantive claim about the mind of the speaker and the nature of acquisition. the importance of UG is its attempt to integrate grammar, mind, and acquisition at every moment. (Cook qtd. in Herman 17-18) If, according to Chomsky, universal grammar already exists, then why do people need to further study it anymore and why is it that many people are finding difficulty with stringing sentences together to enable them to produce grammatically flawless and perfect language? Perhaps, one should look at the point of the whole theory and the evidences that underlie it. It is imperative to note that according to the theory, universal grammar simply means that it holds the belief that there is an â€Å"internal structure†within the confines of â€Å"the human mind,†and because of this structure which is so innate in a person, he or she is able to recognize and produce sentences or a language which has an obvious structure. Language Acquisition and the Feral Children However, a counter argument can be made stating that people only learn such grammar because of the language produced around them. After all, what can be seen, heard, or done by adults are most often emulated by younger children, as what Albert Bandura’s experiment on Booboo Dolls show. As such, this can be also applicable to language acquisition of the younger children. Stephen Krashen, another linguist, even formulated that effective second language acquisition can be fully realized if it follows the same natural pattern of first language acquisition wherein it enables the learner to converse in a natural environment and with the native speakers. In simple terms, the logical way in explaining this universal grammar that a person or (in the most often cases) a child innately has supposedly is through the learning acquisition he or she has made through his or her surroundings. However, Timothy Mason has different ideas. Citing Chomsky and other situations in the history of psycholinguistics, he concluded that there are people, most specifically children, who are able to form language with little or absolutely no interaction at all with other people. There are famous accounts of wild children who are called the feral childrenâ€â€they are what Mason calls as â€Å"tragic figures, offering glimpses of what might have been, of fully human intelligence that somehow does not enable them to live a social life. †There are numerous personalities who became famous for being one of the feral children; one of them is Genie. In a gist, Genie is a thirteen-year old young girl who has been locked up by his father from the outside world with absolutely no interaction with people who may have caused her to acquire a language whatsoever. The surprising thing is Genie does exhibit language acquisition even if it is in a very minimal way. Other personalities who have undergone the same history can be plenty, ranging from the â€Å"Victor, the wild boy of Aveyron†to Genie’s case in 1970 (Mason). How did these children then learn their very own primitive language if they are unable to interact in a normal environment? Thus, the theory of universal grammar may indeed hold some truth in it. The Neurological Connection of the Brain and Language Another basis of the universal grammar is the neurological explanation behind the theory. According to Mason, there are certain evidences that the â€Å"language functions†of a person seem to be located in a â€Å"localized [area] in the brain. †These areas are proven to be affecting the language functions of the brain. The studies of brain illnesses and diseases have proven this as what appears in Norman Geshwind’s essay: †¦the most fruitful has been the study if language disorders, followed by postmortem analysis of the brain, in patients who have suffered brain damage. From these studies has emerged a model of how the language areas of the brain are interconnected and what each area does. Thus, ever since a person is born, his or her brain is already working to acquire and learn the language that a person needs to produce. Conclusion In conclusion, although there are still speculations about the authenticity of the universal grammar and even if it is still a theory, there should be no reason to rule out the possibility that it may indeed be true. Perhaps, in the near future, someone may be able to fully find out the truth and prove that there is indeed a universal grammar existing within the confines of each person. Works Cited Geshwind, Norman. â€Å"Language and the Brain. †First Language Acquisition: The Essential Readings. Ed. Barbara Lust and Claire Foley. Oxford, United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell, 2004. 109–122. Herman, David. Universal Grammar and Narrative Form. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995. Mason, Timothy. â€Å"Lecture 3: The Evidence from Acquisition in Extreme Conditions, Didactics 3: Chomsky the Evidence II†. Didactics of English. 2002. Universite of Versailles St. Quentin. 11 May 2009.
Monday, October 14, 2019
Corporate Social Responsibility: Tesco and Sainsburys
Corporate Social Responsibility: Tesco and Sainsburys Importance of CSR: Case studies of Tesco and Sainsbury Executive Summery Corporate social responsibility which needed explanation some decades ago, is now included almost every mission statement and does matter in the recent time. It is to a very large extent true that with the awareness of consumer, Media, certain rules from the authorities and pressure from NGOs have lessen the harm of the corporate world to the society. But on the other hand it has been observed that if a conflict between profit and doing the right thing is seen profit wins. To start with, the project will examine what CSR stands for in reality in the light of the definitions provided by different intellectuals. It will further highlight does corporate social responsibility matter followed by the discussion about the importance of CSR in the recent times. After that the project further enquires the different approaches towards CSR as some people are in favour and many are against CSR activities in the business. Furthermore, the project throws light on the obligation and practices of the different institutions and authorities which includes businesses, Government, Professional accountants, Non government organization and general public as well. The impartial conclusion has been made after enquiring the findings from previous literature, previous progress in respect of CSR, corporate worlds role in current situation, future priorities declared by government, accountants, non- government organizations and civil society . Moreover, an analytical approach of case studies has been adopted in the project where mainly two companies Sainsbury and Tesco have been chosen to demonstrate the corporate worlds current role with regards to CSR. In addition to two companies Sainsbury and Tesco, the analysis of the scores of other companies is also included to reach the conclusion. Finally, the projects propose some recommendation with regards to CSR for Government, Professional accountant, Businesses and civil society that they need to make collective efforts to make this world a better place not only for themselves but for the successors as well. Chapter 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 What is CSR? Although every organization has formed a different definition for corporate social responsibility yet there are common grounds and connection between them. CSR is about how companies manage business processes to produce an overall positive impact on society. (www.mallenbaker.net) With the passage of time CSR has become very important issues in the corporate world and even for other stakeholders including media. For instance the financial times and guardian have special reporters for Corporate Social Responsibility of the corporate world. Social responsibility can be found in almost every weekly newspaper. According to Mallenbaker CSR is something which ‘like original sin can never be escaped by corporate world. The following illustration will help to explain CSR to a very large extent: In terms of the above mentioned illustration, to bring the quality of management, the organization or company has to consider all the inner and outer circle factors which will ultimately bring about the positive effect on the society. For instance if the company tries to show its responsibility in respect of Environment it has to satisfy the government, non-government organization and civil society concerned with environment. Similarly for work place it has to keep in mind the employees rights and unions as well. 1.2 Who are Stakeholders? Person, group or organization that has direct or indirect stake in an organization because it can affect or be affected by the organizations actions, objectives and policies. Key stakeholders in a business organization include creditors, customers, directors, employees, government (and its agencies), owners (shareholders), suppliers, unions and the community from which the business draw its resources (www.businessdictionary.com). Businesses generally need to manage their relationship with their stakeholders for both short and long term benefits. It is considered more valuable for any company to involve the stakeholder in the whole process and communicate them through a sophisticated process. For the lasting relationship with the stakeholders, the managers need to expand role of the stakeholders by moving form just informing and responding to involving them in corporate social responsibility process. 1.3 Background The history of social responsibility of the corporate in the world is as old as business itself. For instance the laws to protect forest during commercial operation can be found almost 5000 years ago. In ancient Mesopotamia almost 1700 BC King Hammurabi introduced some laws for farmers, builders and innkeepers which showed that they would be prosecuted if they caused any death or major problem for the citizens. In old Rome senators grumbled about the failure of business to contribute sufficient taxes to fund their military campaigns. (www.brass.cf.ac.uk ) With the advent of industrialisation the impacts of the business on society assumed a new dimension. By the 1920s the world saw a new discussion about social responsibility of the business which was actually the beginning of the modern Corporate Social Responsibility movement. In March 2006 the European commission published its latest communication on CSR which clearly defines that the companies should recognise the social and environmental concerns in their business activities. The aim for this communication was to make Europe ‘pole of excellence ‘on CSR.Uk government also encouraged such activities and in the ‘global reporters surveys UK companies were rated the top 3 reporters. Almost 80 % of FTSE 100 companies report on social and environmental issues. (www.corporateRegister.com) 1.4 Project Objectives A large part of the project includes the discussion about the importance of the CSR to the businesses, Government, civil society and especially for the professional accountants who can play a very important role in respect of CSR reporting. It has been tried to achieve the following objective in the project. * What is CSR in reality with its true spirit * Importance of CSR in the current era * Stakeholders expectation from Corporate World * Role of professional Accountant * What the businesses are doing in this respect * How CSR can be developed * Is there any legislation exists or needed The debate on CSR is growing day by day but in reality a big part of the corporate world and society almost does not know the real meaning of the this term. Some recognise it as a report for public relation. Some say it is about to improve the business competitiveness. Some call it a good business practice. The other feels it is just a type of threat. CSR in reality is a framework of relations between corporate world and the rest of society both nationally and internationally. It is not the activities just for the big countries in the world but for all the companies exist in this world because people exist everywhere. CSR is good for long term business development as well as for wider society. The world has seen progress in every area and this thing has increased more concerns for the society. Thats why the partnership of society and business world is needed to deal with all the concerns. Government in this aspect ha a very important role to play to bound and encourage the corporate world to recognise its social responsibility and act positively. This task is not only the responsibility of one department ,company or community but participation is needed from every field of life including Governments, Corporate world, NGOs, Professional Accountants ,Professional bodies and Civil society. 1.5 Priorities So For CSR has gained more attention for all including media but on the other hand the real importance of the CSR is being neglected or going behind the scene in some way or other. Many organizations are using CSR as a tool to make money for their shareholders ignoring the other stakeholders of the business which is totally against the true spirit of CSR. The government and private bodies made some priorities in the past and started working on CSR. They precisely mentioned some principle to go along with these issues. For example U.K CSR department announced publically that it will highlight the importance of social and environmental responsibility, assist the involvement of all the small and medium sized companies in this respect. They further mentioned that they will favour the transparency of CSR reporting and aware the whole corporate not only in U.K but all over the world. To talk about the professionals who are considered responsible for reporting financial and social issues used to follow only a set of rules established by GAAP and other bodies. These rules and regulation do not seem to be helpful for the professional accountants to report social and environmental issues. The professional used to look into the past for reporting like historic cost, prudence etc and have ignored the changing trends of the world which has become the global village. Although management accounting deals with the removal of waste which is also a part of CSR yet there are so many things which the accountants are lacking. The accountants should know the reality that the standards only provide guideline and it is accountants who by using their own moral standards ethically can make the things bit better. In terms of the firms priorities for CSR, it seems that they are claiming more than taking practical steps and their priorities together with their practise are ambiguous. Although CSR reporting have become tradition in many companies but still they are lacking many aspects. It seems that they are looking after their own benefits only and not giving importance to other stakeholders .They seems to follow Friedmans idea that money belongs to shareholders only and they have to decide where to invest it. They are planning for short term ignoring long term. They do no consider this reality that by investing in social issues like community development, employees betterment , customer care, environment issue etc not only improves the reputation of the companies but develop the companies benefits in long term. But in spite of all the claims it seems that saying something and doing something practically are two separate things. One can find hundred and thousands of press releases about CSR but less practical steps can be found. It does not mean that nothing is being done on CSR but more needs to be done. Chapter 2 2. Literature review This Chapter will examine the academic literature on Corporate Social Responsibility. More specifically the review will focus upon what CSR in reality stands for, its importance, Rules and Regulation, what the companies are doing in respect of CSR, Professional Accountants Role and expectations of the stakeholders. CSR which has been used for business ethics, defined as tantamount to corporate philanthropy, and considered strictly as relating to environment policy has different meaning and importance for everyone. (McWilliams, Siegel, Wright, 2006) Through the power of collective action, the Global Compact seeks to advance responsible corporate citizenship so that business can be part of the solution to the challenges of globalization. In this way, the private sector in partnership with other social actors can help realize the Secretary-Generals vision: a more sustainable and inclusive global economy. (www.unglobalcompact.org) 2.1 The concept of CSR JCI believes that CSR is about what business can do not about what business must do. It is about opportunities not about obligations or new rules. (www.davidgrayson.net). The recent CSR concept was first found in the mid-twentieth when the focus was just on social issues like charity and Labour issues. But later the area of discussion widened and covered ecological issues as well. It included how business should take account of its economic, social and environment impacts in the way it operates- maximizing the benefits and minimizing the downsides. Corporate social responsibility means that a company or business is not only accountable to its shareholders but to all its stakeholders which include its customers, suppliers, employees, local communities, investors, environment, governments etc. CSR to a very large extent has been noticed a voluntary action with less legal requirements. 2.2 Importance of CSR The exploitation in the business world is as old as business world itself. Whether it was employees rights, communities inconvenience, environment, shareholders, customers, suppliers, creditors or debtors it has been obvious everywhere. But as the CSR ha gained a lot of attention, the world has become the global village now where the comments like ‘ Profit is only responsibility can not be accepted. (Husted, B.W. and Salazar, J., 2006). Where selected stakeholders like particular suppliers, creditors or shareholders can not be favoured by managers, where abuse of power by business can not exist, employees can not be exploited and society can not ignore the damage of the environment. The main reason for the awareness for all these things is CSR. One thing is sure that the pressure on business to play its role on social issues will continue to grow in future. In the last ten years the institution which worked hard within the global sphere of operation gained more respect, power, monetary benefits and influence as well. On the other hand the institutions like police, judiciary and scores of government institutions have been failed in doing so. But the pressure is growing day by day in this respect. The governments have admitted this thing that it can not change the whole world without the help of the people who are living in the world particularly the corporate world which is getting benefits from the society. So the government is in one way or another putting pressure on the businesses to contribute towards the social issues. On the other hand businesses have also come to known that for long term recognition and benefits, they have to be active in respect of CSR. They have to recognise the rights of their employees respect their suppliers, save the environment and contribute towards the other issues which exist in the society 2.3 Intangibles and CSR The importance of the intangibles can not be ignored as the new International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) stated that from 2005 all listed European companies must report acquired intangible assets. The intangible assets includes Brand value, goodwill etc. (www.csr.gov.uk). It is said that intangible assets are more important for a business than the tangible ones. CSR not only helps in building these assets but protects and expands them. For example the brand value of any business do not start form the beginning but retained afterwards with different CSR activities which may include Consumer specific activities, health and safety measures , Sponsoring community development programme, support for clean environment and so on. 2.4Competitiveness A business can be more competitive and successful as well by adopting CSR policies which is an edge for any company. For example a link between a business and customer give more information to the business about the needs and requirements of the customer. Ultimately this thing results in the business becoming more competitive in terms of product development. CRS also makes the businesses more efficient and competitive in respect of price by taking steps like minimizing waste .If the companies prefer to make the recyclable products, it can help on the one hand to reduce a danger for environment and on the other hand can help a lot to reduce the cost of the product which ultimately results in low price for the customer and more benefits for the businesses. 2.5 Different Approaches towards CSR Corporate social responsibility is one of those topics-like Manchester United and the New York Yankees- that raises passions both for and against. (Simon, 2005). Different approaches can be found about CSR which are contradictory. This part will examine some of the approaches available and analyze them. For many years, Milton Friedman (1962) has been known as the villain in the business and social literature. His notion, that business are owned by their shareholders and they have to decide about their money if they want to give it to the charity or not, has been criticized (Husted and Salazar, 2006).He further had an argument that CSR is indicative of self-serving Behaviour on the part of manager and reduces shareholders wealth (Abagail , Donald and Patrick 2006).But without going into details this idea seems to be true that how spending more on social issues will help to maximize the benefits of the businesses . The shareholders do not have any problem to spend a moderate amount on these types of issues. On the contrary, there are others who have totally different opinions. For example Jones says in his stakeholders theory that the firms which are loyal and honest to their stakeholders ultimately create incentives for their own firms. Some say that CSR is only used by some companies to get competitive advantages. (Abagail , Donald and Patrick 2006) Some are with the viewpoint that CSR is not about giving charity only but it is more than that. It is about helping the community, taking steps to save environment, taking care of the rights of employees, improving relationship with customers and about contributing towards other social issues. (www.mallenbaker.net) One thing is quite sure from the previous experiences that companies cannot maintain business success and shareholder value by maximising short-term profits and the importance of the CSR can not be ignored in the recent time. (Oketch, M. 2004). The companies should, therefore, should take part in the activities which allow them to get benefit in the long run, and contribute as much as possible to the community without making a loss. This will take them towards a win-win situation. 2.6 CSR and Poverty Reduction Because of the unfair distribution of the wealth, people in some countries do not have food to eat and water to drink while in some countries people have more than they need. Although poverty reduction and CSR do not seem to be connected with each other yet the social responsible business can contribute to reduce the poverty especially in developing countries. Creating Jobs, Training the people, addressing the issue of child labour, gender equality, health care, community development, higher minimum wage and better working place conditions are some of the steps under the roof of CSR which can help to reduce the poverty to a certain level. A proactive approach of corporate world, society, professionals and governments is needed towards CSR to reduce the poverty. 2.7 Professional Accountants role Scores of Professional accountant have already started taking steps to adopt the concept of CSR and ready to contribute towards a contemporary issues especially environment-being the most important currently. But they have been criticised usually for not unfolding the required information which the stakeholders are looking for. Their CSR reporting fails to be logical and does not produce comparable data on environmental issues, risks and uncertainties which can be relevant to the business current and future performance . The main objective of corporate reporting is to communicate economic measurement of the information about resources and performance that would be useful to users who have a right to this information. To fulfil this objective, corporate reports have to possess the following qualitative characteristics: relevance, reliability, comparability, objectivity and timeliness (Barry Elliot and Jamie Elliot, 2004). Accountants, who are actually considered responsible for reporting all the aspects, have been following set rules made by professional bodies and other authorities. These bodies have only provided basic rules which do not include the ultimate guidance on social and environmental issues. Furthermore accountants have been focusing on past only rather than dealing with present and future. For instance historic cost, prudence, representational faithfulness and so on have been their basic areas of interest. These concepts actually do not help when reporting social and environmental issues. After years of criticism both professional bodies and government worked out certain criterias about these issues. But in spite of the fact that accounting standards have some provisions and government has put some restriction, the accounting professionals need to take these new issues into consideration while reporting financial performance. The standards only provide basic guidelines to standardise the system globally and the whole world will be a better place if theory and practice is balanced for its betterment. The accounting professionals need to use their moral standards as well while reporting. 2.8 Governments role The role of the governments is very vital to improve the contribution of the business to the social development. According to many intellectual the basic thing which prompts any organization to play its responsible role in society is legislation in that particular area. There are laws which cover many areas like minimum wage, Health and safety and disclosure to investors but the governments have probably need to make some amendments in laws in the areas such as social and environment. Whereas on the other hand many opine that if the legislation regarding CSR is prepared, the businesses will only make efforts which the law requires but never more. At the moment many companies are doing their best voluntarily but the legislation can effect their motivation and they may step back. The governments have been facing two challenges. First how to engage more and more companies in CSR and secondly how to make the contribution of the companies better in terms of CSR. For the first challenge the government has made a set of rules and regulation for the companies to follow CSR and reviewed it action and polices across the board and made CSR a priority. For the second challenge the governments have been encouraging the roles of the companies which are doing their bets for the social issues. The governments can make corporate social responsibility better by providing best practice guidance, intelligent regulation and incentives to the companies where needed. Some suggestions of making a separate department for CSR have also come to the surface from many critics. They think that accountants are not supposed to deal with CSR especially social and environmental issues. 2.8.1 U.K Government U.K business world to some extent going in the right direction as the global Reports 2006 survey shows that U.K companies were rated the top three reporters (www.csr.gov.uk). ‘Since I became Minister for CSR in May 2002 we have seen rapid growth in Interest in the application and implications of CSR. What has impressed me most has been the level of creativity and enthusiasm brought to the subject from all quarters. Weve seen encouraging progress. Id like to highlight some significant recent developments and look at where we need to focus for the future. (www.csr.gov.uk) The government encourages companies to report on their CSR performance in different ways like: * Issued guidance on environment reporting * The ACCA sustainability reporting awards * Supported the global Reporting Initiative The U.K Government has brought the regulation up to date as well. From October 2007 Quoted companies must also disclose the information about employees, environment, social and communities matters. Company act 2006 also has shown some legislation in this respect. (www.corporateRegister.com) 2.8.2 European Union Role Like UK European commission also considers Corporate Social responsibility an important area and have already started working. In 2001 the European commission developed a strategy on CSR which resulted in the establishment of a Multi-Stakeholder forum on CSR in October 2002.In march 2006 European commission published its communication on CSR which states that CSR can make a significant contribution and make Europe a ‘ pole of exellance. During its presidency of EU in 2006, Finland held a conference with the name ‘ Corporate social responsibility policies promoting innovation and competitiveness which also emphasized on the importance of the Corporate Social Responsibility. (www.csr.gov.uk) 2.8.3 International Commitment In September 2006 a ‘world summit on sustainable development was arranged in Johannesburg where all participant committed to promote corporate responsibility and made a future line of work. Some critics, however, says that the government is trying to avoid its duties because it is just dependent on the NGOs. Governments are trying to push NGOs on the front foot instead of going forward themselves. It is true that governments are making efforts for the development of CSR but the main problem is practice. It has been observed in different surveys that the non-government organizations in the world are making more efforts and taking practical steps for the solutions of social issues than the governments and the Governments are lacking the implementation of the its theory . 2.9 Consumer and CSR To talk about the role of the general public, they have also a very important role to play. Sometime the companies want to be more efficient and wishes to make CSR Central to their corporate identity. For instance the Seventh Generation who are the suppliers of the chlorine-free toilet tissues and Ben Jerrys, who are the eco-friendly ice-cream maker, have not been responded well by the consumer. It seems that only minority of people are ready to pay premium prices for these responsible products. This type of behaviour from consumer can demoralise the companies or force them to limit their CSR activities. Some critics says that only consumer can not be blamed for not supporting CSR activities as it is the duty of the government that it should aware the general public about CSR. If a common consumer does not know what CSR is or how it can be supported, how consumer can encourage such activities. 2.10 NGOs and CSR NGOs and trade unions have been pointing their fingers at the international government bodies for their lack of commitment towards CSR. It is to some extent true that companies have been left alone with less guidance and little support from governments. It has been noticed that Non-government organizations have been working more actively than the governments. Whether they are social or environmental issues non- government organizations seems to be excelled. For instance in many parts of the world different charitable or non- profitable organizations are going ahead to the governments institutions, professionals, and corporate world. ActionAid , Amnesty International UK , Oxfam GB , Refugee Council , Saferworld , Save the Children UK and World Development Movement are some of the examples of the NGOs which are working for social and environmental issues and putting their best efforts without making any profit. 2.11 CSR in developing countries CSR aims both to improve the contribution of the business in society and maximize the benefits out of the business activity. The more CSR activities can be found in the richest countries than in the middle and low-income countries. The agenda of CSR is less visible in these countries. CSR actually offers opportunity to the governments, Private Sectors, Professional Accountants to bring changes in the current social system in these countries. Even the companies which are doing their businesses in the developed countries can do a lot in these countries by expanding their Corporate Social Responsibility practices to these countries. By doing this they can enlighten their image and get long term benefits as well. However over the past few years the governments, businesses NGOs and civil society have managed to some extent to adopt CSR agenda and have started doing something in the developing countries as well . For instance the countries like South Africa, China, India, Brazil and Philippines have started CSR movements in their respective countries. But it is the beginning and still lot to do in this regard. 2.12 Consequences in the absence of CSR The above mentioned discussion about CSR and its importance made one thing very clear that CSR has become essential both from the business an Social point of view. If the society, the accounting professionals, businesses and other academics in the financial field do not challenge these issues and stop being passive in order to meet the true purpose of their roles, the problems will continue to grow. As far as the businesses are concerned they make money while working in a society. If the society where they are working is strong enough in respect of money and can enjoy the basics needs of the life the economy will grow which will result in a prosperous Situation. If the companies are making money from the people, it is not strange to give some part of it back to the people in the form of facilitating them in different respects such as community development, helping the poor, Taking care the children, take care of the suppliers, customers, employees and contribute towards the solution of the environmental issues which is in reality their surroundings as well. It is said that to get love from some one you have to give it first. By doing all the efforts regarding CSR the companies actually enhance their image side by side other benefits for long term. In the absence of CSR business can make money but can not earn long term benefits and respect in the society in current situation. To talk about the professional accountant, it is obvious that they follow certain rules and regulations while reporting but they need to follow morality and ethics as well. The professional, of course, are the part of society and not the part of problems in society. As CSR has become a source of betterment for the society, they should take care of the social and environmental issues while reporting for the companies and should try to point the risks in future with regards to business side by side giving analysis of the past. If they just ignore the issues of the society, who knows they can be ignored by the society. Chapter 3 3. Methodology Knowledge is a series of inventive activities which applying models to unfold the reality (Watofsky, 1983) .This type of inventive process changes time to time and human beings observe the changes. But the models which human beings themselves recognise vary time to time. The method of case study has been adopted in the project which will itself answer many questions like ‘How, when and why. The procedure to go for case study is more explanatory and flexible than the other methods. Case study procedure is found suitable because it helps to understand the complex issues deeply, points out the problems during the procedure and suggests remedies as well. The Case studies of Sainsbury and Tesco in this project are carried out in order to know the current situation of CSR and its importance in corporate world in U.K. The reason for selecting Sainsbury and Tesco is that the both companies are the very successful and big names in the U.K, represents other business community and rivals as well. The project aims to observe the CSR importance by analyzing their intern
Sunday, October 13, 2019
An Analytical Essay on Excessive Pride in Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart :: Things Fall Apart essays
Excessive Pride in Things Fall Apart In Chinua Achebe's novel Things Fall Apart, a well-known aphorism, "pride goes before a fall", was used. I agreed with and supported this statement. The story line itself backed up this statement as well. Through Okonkwo's hard work he became a "great man" with a sense of pride and haughtiness, who then suffered a loss of pride, which ultimately led to his down fall and his own suicide. This book went along with the commonly stated cliché. In addition to that, there was a widely known joke that went well with this. "One day there was an airplane pilot flying Bill Clinton, Bill Gates, Bill (a kid), and Billy Gram. Something went wrong with the plane, so it had to be abandoned. The airplane pilot strapped on a parachute and said to them, "there is only four parachutes but I am taking one." Bill Clinton grabbed the second one and said, "I am the most important man and my country needs me so I am taking one too." Then, Bill Gates grabbed the third one and said, "I am the smartest man in the world and my people need me." So, Bill (a kid) was just looking... at the fourth parachute and Billy Gram said to him, "I am an old man and you are young, you have your whole life ahead of you, take the last parachute." Finally, Bill (a kid) looked up at him and said, "I was not thinking about that, it's just that the smartest man in the world took my backpack." As you saw from the book and the joke, both Okonkwo, and Bill Gates were full of prejudice pride. They thought they were "great men", and saw others as inferior to them and incapable of living substantially if they were not the backbone. Okonkwo's pride grew immensely when he was an eighteen-year-old boy growing up in Umuofia. His father, Unoka was a lazy and imprudent man so Okonkwo sought to be everything his father was not. He threw Amalinze the Cat, who was a wily craftsman, and great wrestler that was unbeaten for seven years from Umuofia to Mbaino. That victory made Okonkwo known past the nine villages.
Saturday, October 12, 2019
Jacques La Ramee :: Biography History Ramee Wyoming Essays Papers
Jacques La Ramee Throughout Wyoming many landmarks are named after an early Frenchâ€â€Canadian trapper. These landmarks include the Laramie River, the Laramie Peak , the Laramie Plains, Laramie County , Fort Laramie , the town of Fort Laramie , and the city of Laramie . Jacques LaRamee (Laramà ©e, Laramà ©, Laramie , De la Ramie, de la Rame, or La Ramee it is spelled different by almost all the listed sources) was a mysterious man with obvious influence (Chittenden, 1935; Coutant, 1899; Fetter, 1982; McDermott, 1968; Pitcher, 2000). However, there is little known about him. LaRamee’s significance is seemingly lost along with his complete history, but when researched further one can begin to understand his historical impact. Not only are there various spellings of his surname, but some historians also question whether or not Jacques was his first name. Some go so far as to say it was Baptiste. There are others who state his given name was Joseph; this may be more accurate (pitcher, 2000). J. Edmond LaRamee, a supposed descendent of LaRamee the trapper, traces the trapper’s lineage from Jacques Fissiau (who would have been the great grandfather of Jacque LaRamee). The parents of Jacques are thought to have been â€Å"Joseph and Jeanne Mondou LaRamee of Yamaska , Quebec .†Other records show that Joseph fathered five sons, â€Å"none of whom was named Jacques or Baptiste. However, the third son, who was born on June 8, 1784, bore the name Joseph.†The name Jacques was first used by Dr. C.G. Coutant and that is probably the reason many historians use it today (McDermott, 1968). Among the remains of LaRamee’s fractured biography, a man of upright character and independent quality begins to emerge. According to Dr. C.G. Coutant’s History of Wyoming he entered the United States around 1815 with the North West Company – a major player in the fur industry that was involved in a continuous feud with a rival company, The Hudson Bay Company. These conflicting fur companies often created competition between their employees which resulted in violence. LaRamee strung together a group of â€Å"free trappers,†and they began trapping at the headwaters of the North Platte (Fetter, 1982). LaRamee’s success was due to his renowned attitude and peaceful reputation. His fellow free trappers shared his â€Å"theory that the world was wide and there was room enough for all.†LaRamee led his band of hard working peaceful trappers to undisputed territory where they could trap an abundance of fur without quarrel.
Friday, October 11, 2019
Apa System
Referencing using the APA (American Psychological Association) style †¢ About this resource †¢ The APA style †¢ Part 1: In-text Citations †¢ Part 2: Collating a reference list †¢ A sample reference list in APA style †¢ Further reading †¢ Printable copy of this resource (75 KB) About this resource This resource explains some of the more common applications of the APA style. It is based on the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed. ) (2010), pp. 169–224.You should always check your unit guide and/or with academic staff (unit chair, lecturer or tutor) to make sure that this is the correct referencing style for your unit. You must reference all material you use from all sources and acknowledge your sources in the body of your paper each time you use a fact, a conclusion, an idea or a finding from someone's work. This establishes the authority of your work and acknowledges the researchers and writers you have drawn u pon in your paper. It is necessary to cite your sources each time you: †¢ reproduce an author's exact words (quote), that is, copy word for word directly from a text.A page number must be given. †¢ use your own wording (summarise or paraphrase) to explain or discuss what someone has said. You are encouraged to provide page numbers. If you copy an entire table, chart, diagram or graph or if you take only some of the data contained in such sources, you must provide a reference. Sources such as journals, books, encyclopedias, computer programs and software, information from the internet, reports, newspapers, interviews, radio and television must be cited in the body of your paper and detailed in a reference list at the end. Information from Deakin study guides and readers must also be acknowledged.The APA style The APA style of referencing consists of two elements: (1) in-text citations giving author, year and sometimes page number in the body of the paper (2) a reference lis t at the end of the paper providing the complete details for each in-text citation. Part 1 of this resource deals with in-text citations. Part 2 of this resource shows how to present the related reference list entries for the in-text citations. Part 1: In-text Citations One author When you refer to a single author, include the author's family name and year of publication, using one of the forms shown here.Clay (2003) argues that having a planned approach to writing essays can be of great benefit. or Essay writing can be made much more manageable if a planned approach is taken (Clay, 2003). For citing an author or authors more than once in any one paragraph, see instructions under Repeat citations of a study within one paragraph. Multiple authors For two authors, include the family name of both authors and year as required. According to Antonakos and Kazanis (2003) there are advantages to keeping design and research methods simple. or There are advantages to keeping design and resear ch methods simple (Antonakos & Kazanis, 2003).Use ‘and' when family names are outside parentheses; use ‘&' when family names are inside parentheses. In the case of three, four or five authors, cite all authors the first time, then in subsequent citations of this work use the family name of the first author plus ‘et al. ‘ and the year as required. Gagliardi, Frederickson and Shanley (2002) argue that in order to provide consistent care, healthcare professionals often face the dilemma of finding similarities in patient responses to illness while at the same time respecting the uniqueness of each individual patient.However, despite any apparent similarities in symptoms or limitations, Gagliardi et al. contend all patients should be treated differently. Furthermore, according to the Roy Adaptation Model (Roy & Andrews, 1999), nurses need to make comprehensive assessments of each patient. After the first citation of an author or authors in the narrative (i. e. the author's name does not appear in parentheses), you need cite only the family names/s in the same paragraph (i. e. no date required). For six or more authors use only the family name of the first author plus ‘et al. ‘ in all citations including the first. Use date as appropriate.Mahon et al. (1997) reviewed how nursing diagnosis content is presented in nursing textbooks. Repeat citations of a study within one paragraph In any one paragraph, if you cite an author/s more than once in the narrative (i. e. the author's name does not appear in parentheses), include family name/s and year the first time. In subsequent citations in the narrative in the same paragraph you need to cite only the family name/s, provided studies cannot be confused. According to Savage (2004) little attention has been given to the way a nurse might identify and †¦. Savage argues that in an environment of evidence-based practice †¦In discussing ways of researching emotion, Savage (2004) high lights the importance of†¦ When the name of the author/s and year are in parentheses in any one paragraph, the year is included in subsequent citations. Little attention has been given to the way a nurse might identify and †¦ (Savage, 2004). Savage (2004) argues that in an environment of evidence-based practice †¦ Secondary source Sometimes you read one author (secondary) who cites another (primary). In the example that follows, you have read Savage who referred to a publication by Lupton, but you did not read Lupton yourself.Lupton (as cited in Savage, 2004) distinguishes between â€Å"emotional labour†and â€Å"emotional work†. Note: The entry in the reference list is under Savage. Article or chapter in an edited book An edited book is one that consists of chapters or articles written by different authors. You need to acknowledge the author of the chapter or article you used. This author is cited in text (that is, in the body of the paper) in the same way as for one or more authors. In the example that follows, Naidoo has written a chapter in a book edited by Thorogood and Coombes. In the body of your assignment cite only Naidoo.Naidoo (2000) claims that risk factor simulation models†¦ Note: The entry in the reference list gives full details of the publication. Under the name of the author (Naidoo) you need to give the details of the chapter you read plus the details of the book. Group or organisation as author Where the author is a government agency, association, corporate body or the like, which has a familiar or easily understandable acronym, it is cited as follows: Obesity in Australian men and women increased during the 1980s (National Health and Medical Research Council [ NHMRC ], 1997). A single cause for obesity †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. ( NHMRC , 1997). Note: The entry in the reference list is under National Health and Medical Research Council. No author name provided If no author is designated, cite the first few w ords of the title, and the year. Full title details are provided in the reference list entry. Studies suggest that many IVF couples would donate excess embryos to scientific research (â€Å"Embryo study,†2004). Use double quotation marks around the title of an article or chapter. Use italics and no quotation marks in text for the title of a periodical, book, brochure or report with no author.Two or more publications by the same author in the same year If an author has published two or more works in the same year, a lower case letters a,b,c and so forth are used after the date to distinguish between them. Letters are assigned according to the alphabetical order of the title. According to McDonald (2007c) †¦ McDonald (2007a) first suggested †¦ However it has also been noted that †¦ (McDonald, 2007b). No year of publication provided If there no year is given for a source, use n. d. (which stands for no date) after the author's name. In a detailed analysis, Jones (n. . ) argues †¦ Personal communication Personal communications can include letters, emails, personal interviews, telephone conversations and the like. Cite personal communications in text only; they are not included in a reference list. J. Robinson (personal communication, May 11, 2010) indicated †¦ †¦ (L. Frazer, Manager, Heathville Community Centre, personal communication, June 4, 2009) Electronic sources The principles for in-text citation of print sources also apply to electronic sources. All electronic sources should therefore be cited according to the name of the author/s.As for print sources, cite by title if there is no author. Many online articles are pdf files, i. e. copies of print documents, so they usually indicate page numbers. Use these page numbers when you cite information from such sources. Some articles are not pdf files and do not have page numbers. In these cases use paragraph numbers, if these are provided. Smith (2003, para. 3) claims †¦ If paragraph numbers are not provided and the document includes headings, use these headings and count the number of paragraphs. Smith (2003, Conclusion section, para. 3) claims †¦ QuotesShort quotes (fewer than 40 words) should run on as part of your sentence with double quotation marks to signal where the quote starts and finishes. The page where the quote comes from must be included. Clay (2003) argues that students experience writer's block because â€Å"they have not given sufficient thought to reviewing course content and developing their ideas†(p. 47).. Alternatively, Students experience writer's block because â€Å"they have not given sufficient thought to reviewing course content and developing their ideas†(Clay, 2003, p. 47). Long quotes, known as ‘block quotes' (more than 40 words) should: †¢ start on a new line be indented about 5 spaces from the left hand margin †¢ be double spaced †¢ omit quotation marks. For example: An import ant stage in assignment writing is planning. Clay (2003) comments that: Some students are tempted to plunge into writing their assignment, beginning with the introduction but soon find that they experience â€Å"writer's block†and cannot decide what to write next. The problem occurs because they have not given sufficient thought to reviewing course content and developing their ideas about relating the theory to their practice. (p. 47) There are a variety of ways that students can plan †¦Part 2: Collating a reference list An important purpose of the reference list is to enable readers to locate sources. Therefore details must be correct and complete. Each in-text citation and the related reference list entry should be identical in spelling and year. A work is listed only once in the reference list, regardless of how many times it is cited in text. Works not cited in the text should not appear in the reference list. In compiling your APA reference list, you should: †¢ list references on a new page with a centred heading titled ‘References' †¢ include books, journal articles, online sources etc. n one alphabetical listing †¢ order entries alphabetically by family name of author/s †¢ list works with no author under the first significant word of the title †¢ indent second and subsequent lines of each entry (5-7 spaces) †¢ use double spacing. Some examples follow; others can be found at www. apastyle. org Note: The examples are separated and placed under subheadings here to show each form. In a reference list, however, they would be all together in alphabetical order with no subheadings. Book Author, A. , & Author, B. (year). Title of book. City: Publisher.Capitalise only the first letter of the first word of a book title and any proper nouns. The first letter of the sub-title (if any) is capitalised also. Example: Crawford, P. , Brown, B. , & Nolan, P. (1998). Communicating care: The language of nursing. Cheltenham: Stanley Thornes. Chapter or article in an edited book Author, A. , & Author, B. (year). Title of chapter. In C. Editor, & D. Editor (Eds. ), Title of book (pp. xx–xx). City: Publisher. Capitalise only the first letter of the first word of an article or chapter title, and any proper nouns. Example: Naidoo, B. (2000).Evaluating the use of public health risk factor simulation models. In M. Thorogood, & Y. Coombes (Eds. ), Evaluating health promotion: Practice and methods (pp. 99–109). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Book, online Author, A. , & Author, B. (year). Title of book. [details about the format if available]. Retrieved from web address or doi If a digital object identifier [DOI] is provided then it should be given; if no DOI is available then the web address or uniform resource locator [URL], should be given. Date of retrieval is not required. Example: Munsterberg, H. (1916).The photoplay: A psychological study. Retrieved from http://www. gutenberg. org/files /15383/15383-8. txt Journal article Author, A. , & Author, B. (year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), page numbers. †¢ The issue number should be indicated only if each issue of a journal begins on page 1. †¢ Capitalise only the first letter of the first word of an article title and subtitle, and any proper nouns. †¢ Capitalise the first letter of every main word in the journal title. †¢ Include a digital object identifier (DOI) if provided. Examples: Antonakos, C. L. , & Kazanis, A. S. (2003).Research process in the health sciences: A focus on methods. Research and Theory for Nursing Practice, 17, 257–264. Clay, G. (2003). Assignment writing skills. Nursing Standard, 17(20), 47–52. Journal article, online Author, A. (year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number (issue number), page numbers. doi or Retrieved from web address If a digital object identifier [DOI] is provided then it should be given; if no D OI is available then the home page web address of the journal, or uniform resource locator [URL], should be given. Date of retrieval is not required. Examples: Ekwall, A. , Gerdtz, M. Manias, E. (2008). The influence of patient acuity on satisfaction with emergency care: perspectives of family, friends and carers. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17, 800–809. doi:10. 1111/j. 1365-2702. 2007. 02052. x Midford, R. (2005). Australia and alcohol: Living down the legend. Addiction, 100, 891–896. Retrieved from http://www. addictionjournal. org/ Newspaper article Author, A. (year, month day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper, p. x. Example: Wroe, D. (2004, June 24). Canberra enlists GPs in war on smoking. The Age, p. 3. Newspaper article, no author Title of article. (year, month day).Title of Newspaper, p. x. Example: Embryo study nod, OK say IVF couples. (2004, May 31). Herald Sun, p. 10. Newspaper article, online Author, A. (year, month day). Title of article. Title of New spaper. Retrieved from home page web address Example: Nader, C. (2009, June 19). Mental health issues soar among children. The Age. Retrieved from http://www. theage. com. au/ Group or organisation as author Organisation Name. (Year). Details of the work as appropriate to its form. When the author and publisher are the same, use the word Author as the name of the publisher. Example: Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2007). Migration Australia, 2005-06 (Cat. No. 3412. 0). Canberra:Author. Retrieved from http://www. ausstats. abs. gov. au/ausstats /subscriber. nsf/0/E0A79B147EA8E0B5CA2572AC001813E8/$File/34120_2005-06. pdf Up to seven authors Author, A. , Author, B. , Author, C. , Author, D. , Author, E. , Author, F. , & Author, G. (year). Details of the work as appropriate to its form. Provide family names and initials of all authors. Eight or more authors Author, A. , Author, B. , Author, C. , Author, D. , Author, E. , Author, F. , †¦ & Author, M. (year). Details of the work as appropriate to its form.Provide family names and initials of the first six authors followed by three ellipses points and the last author's family name and initial. Web page Author, A. , (year). Title of page. Retrieved Month, day, year from web address The title of a web page is not italicised. Retrieval date is given if it is believed the information could change over time. Example: Diabetes Australia. (2010). Gestational diabetes. Retrieved July 22, 2010 from http://www. diabetesaustralia. com. au/Understanding-Diabetes/What-is-Diabetes /Gestational-Diabetes-/ A sample reference list in APA style References Antonakos, C.L. , & Kazanis, A. S. (2003). Research process in the health sciences: A focus on methods. Research and Theory for Nursing Practice, 17, 257–264. Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2007). Migration Australia, 2005-06 (Cat. No. 3412. 0). Canberra: Author. Retrieved from http://www. ausstats. abs. gov. au/ausstats/subscriber. nsf /0/E0A79B147EA8E0B5CA2572AC0018 13E8/$File/34120_2005-06. pdf Clay, G. (2003). Assignment writing skills. Nursing Standard, 17(20), 47–52. Crawford, P. , Brown, B. , & Nolan, P. (1998). Communicating care: The language of nursing. Cheltenham: StanleyThornes. Diabetes Australia. 2010). Gestational diabetes. Retrieved July 22, 2010 from http://www. diabetesaustralia. com. au/Understanding-Diabetes/What-is-Diabetes /Gestational-Diabetes-/ Ekwall, A. , Gerdtz, M. & Manias, E. (2008). The influence of patient acuity on satisfaction with emergency care:perspectives of family, friends and carers. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17, 800–809. doi:10. 1111/j. 1365-2702. 2007. 02052. x Embryo study nod, OK say IVF couples. (2004, May 31). Herald Sun, p. 10. Midford, R. (2005). Australia and alcohol: Living down the legend. Addiction, 100, 891-896. Retrieved from http://www. ddictionjournal. org/ Munsterberg, H. (1916). The photoplay: A psychological study. Retrieved from http://www. gutenberg. org/files/15383/1538 3-8. txt Nader, C. (2009, June 19). Mental health issues soar among children. The Age. Retrieved from http://www. theage. com. au/ Naidoo, B. (2000). Evaluating the use of public health risk factor simulation models. In M. Thorogood & Y. Coombes (Eds. ), Evaluating health promotion: Practice and methods (pp. 99–109). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Northern Territory Department of Justice. (2007). Step forward: Getting help about sexual violence.Retrieved from http://www. nt. gov. au/justice/documents/stepforward. pdf Wroe, D. (2004, June 24). Canberra enlists GPs in war on smoking. The Age, p. 3. Further reading Details of all referencing styles used at Deakin can be accessed at www. deakin. edu. au/referencing and in printed form from the Division of Student Life. Burton L. J. (2010). An interactive approach to writing essays and research reports in Psychology (3rd ed. ). Milton, Qld: John Wiley & Sons. Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed. ). (2010). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)