The Origins Of Chinese Civilization Essay - 951 Words

The ancestors played a vital role in building the society and in upholding the Chinese civilization till today. Thus, it is known as one of the oldest and continues civilization on earth. Chinese civilization has been developed by dynasties as traditionally the history of it has been divided in dynasties. Throughout the history it has been divided into dynasties, but once it had been united under a single emperor, Qin Shih Huang, the first emperor of China. The Xia dynasty is the first dynasty in china, which was founded by Yu and it existed four thousand years ago. Ancestors have taught people about irrigation, hunting, writing system, and inventing the bow and arrows. Some of the system are still have not changed till today’s date, such as the writing and worshiping the ancestors. The Zhou dynasty retained the rituals and practices for the of worship, and it’s been continued through dynasties. In fact, it is still alive till today and is deeply rooted in the China. Although it has changed in different form, Chinese people worship their ancestors and follow the path of their religion. Ancestors are venerated daily from the family according to their ritu als. The beliefs and tradition of the past still exist in the society. The Great wall of china alone can tell the evolution of construction and the attitude of people toward their ancestors. Those walls reflect the advance technique and material. People believe in the unity and development of the country and it’s still theShow MoreRelatedEast211 Ch 1 Notes1633 Words   |  7 PagesWarm, wet climate good for rice cultivation ââ€" ª Raising of dogs o North China ââ€" ª Millet cultivation 2 accounts of the origins of Chinese civilization †¢ 1) The nuclear area thesis (Kwang-chih Chang,1960’s) o Oldest modern narrative o Argues that Chinese civilization originated from a single culture of millet farmers (Yangshao culture) in the North China Plains. Around 5000 B.C.E. they radiated outwards ââ€" ª ScholarsRead MoreFrom the Great Wall to the Pyramids1154 Words   |  5 PagesFrom the Great Wall to the Pyramids The Great Wall of China and the Egyptian Pyramids are both Manmade Wonders of the World and belong to two of the oldest civilizations. Ancient Egypt and ancient China both have history that date back over 4,000 years ago, and though the two civilizations co-existed simultaneously with one another, there were little contact between the two. Yet apart from some underlying differences, there are many similarities between the two cultures as is highlighted when examiningRead MoreDifferences Between Egyptian And Egyptian Civilization Essay861 Words   |  4 PagesA country in North Africa, along the Mediterranean Sea, and is among the grandeur of Egyptian culture which influenced many ancient civilizations. Small agrarian communities became the first medical texts describing the treatment of over 200 different diseases around 1500 BCE. Stability was a hallmark of Egyptian culture. Given the duration of Egyptian civilizations, there were surprisingly few basic changes in styles and belie fs. Egyptian emphasis on stability was reflected in their view of a changelessRead MoreThe Origin Of The Firearm1532 Words   |  7 PagesBefore the discussion begins on the creation of the firearm, its evolution and its overall contribution to war and combat, we must acknowledge its very origins; gunpowder. The origins of gunpowder trace back to the nation of China, it â€Å"ironically was created in the quest for immortality/around A.D. 850† (Whipps, â€Å"How Gunpowder Changed the World†). Though it was intended for an alternative purpose, this newfound explosive powder was soon incorporated into China s weaponry and also became the leadingRead MoreEssay about Religion in Ancient China and Egypt1569 Words   |  7 Pageslocations. Two civilizations in particular with both similar and distinct religions are ancient China, and ancient Egypt. Ancient Chinese religion and ancient Egyptian religion share many things in common with each other, yet at the same time they are also vastly from one another. Even though there are similarities between many of their gods, beliefs, ideas, and practices, the differences between the two religions helps clearly separate one from the other, and also helps identify their origins. In ancientRead MoreEssay on Individuality in Korean Art1050 Words   |  5 Pagesconstantly shaped and reshaped by existing civilizations, namely, China. Koreas vulnerability geographically, has made Korea constantly throughout history open to many influences- namely China. Despite this overwhelming influx of alien influence from China, Koreas art forms indeed had maintained its individuality. The Chinese and Korean peoples are very different; ethnically, and culturally. Therefore, even though Korea did attempt to mimic styles from the Chinese, it still maintained its overall individualisticRead MoreIntroduction to Chinese Caligraphy Essay1678 Words   |  7 PagesChinese calligraphy Introduction Every single culture has a way of representing itself. The most different part between China and Australian is the language. Chinese word (han-zi) is hieroglyphic words, and it has its own art style: Chinese calligraphy. Additionally, Chinese calligraphy (shu fa) is a crucial documentation, which is able to learn about history through today. The Chinese calligraphy is among the world’s best-documented and preserved art in human history. It has been passed down throughRead MoreDragons: A Global Phenomenon Essay1229 Words   |  5 Pagesfor dragons usually consisted of metal tough scales, razor sharp talons, and the ability to fly (Spring Skylar). While the true origin of dragon’s and their naming, what is different about dragons is how each culture took the beasts to be their own. In our society, the idea of the evil fire breathing dragon is the dominant trait attached to dragons. Western civilizations often took dragons as embodiments of the evil in human qualities (Cite C). Dragons possibly gained this trait of villainous motivesRead MoreThe Brain Drain and Revolution in the Late 19th and Early 20th Century China1633 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction By the end of the 19th century, Chinese officials were beginning to realize that their country’s educational infrastructure was becoming increasingly anachronistic. Traditional education largely ignored technology—considered it low class, even—and students instead focused on cultivating a sense of moral righteousness. Yet, the Confucian-centered examination system was beginning to prove ineffective in a world where modern militaries predominated in international relations. China learnedRead MoreChinese Mythology1720 Words   |  7 Pages(Lansford 1). Every culture has its own myth that explains about the nature of that particular culture. The Chinese culture has been around for many centuries, its myths have accumulated into varies stories of gods and their culture. China is the worlds oldest continuous civilization (Cotterel 9). Evidence show the earliest Chinese civilization to be found around 1650 B.C. The beginnings of Chinese mythology, started around the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Influenced by alchemist ideas, Taoist and Buddhist

Sweatshops and Child Labor - 1898 Words

Sweatshop is defined as a factory or workshop, especially in the clothing industry, where manual workers are employed at very low wages for long hours and under poor conditions. Sweatshops also referred to as the â€Å"sweat factory†, creates a hazardous and unhealthy working environment for employees such as the exposure to harmful materials, dangerous situations, extreme temperatures and abuse from employers. Sweatshop workers work for long hours, sometimes without taking any breaks, and these workers are not paid for any overtime hours or the minimum wage, although it is mandatory by law. These conditions are considered risky for any person, but the worst part is that in many countries, children are being forced to work in these sweatshops.†¦show more content†¦If a worker does feel that the conditions in the sweatshop is too inconsiderate for them, then they can quit at any time that want, because they are not signing any legal documents that forces them to work t here for a certain period of time. Also, many people in developing countries prefer to work in sweatshops because in such countries, there are many products produced from farming therefore, these workers could either become farmers or they could work in factories and build products such as cell phone component, clothing, furniture, shoes or toys. Sweatshops are especially beneficial for people who are handicapped and uneducated because if a person were both handicapped and uneducated then they would not be able to work on a farm. Therefore it is easier for them to just sit on a bench and manufacture products. Although the conditions in sweatshops are unsafe and unhygienic, but it would help handicapped people feel like they are helping their families instead of being a burden on them. Sweatshops are not just beneficial to handicapped and uneducated people, but it is also advantageous for the unfortunate developing countries. As the number of sweatshops increase the country can become more industrialized and there would be less farming and more technological advances. Many economists who are pro-sweatshops believe that if a country is more industrialized then the conditions of the sweatshops will improve and the wages will increase therefore the workersShow MoreRelatedChild Labor And Sweatshops1465 Words   |  6 Pagesif they support child labour or sweatshops, they would most likely say no, but can people say with certainty that the clothes they are wearing have not been made in a sweatshop? A sweatshop is a manufacturing facility where workers endure poor working conditions, long hours, low wages and other violations of labor rights. Companies are profiting off developing countries need to work but customers can reverse this by being mindful of how often and wh at they are buying. The sweatshop has come to symbolizeRead MoreThe Problem of Sweatshops and Child Labor Essay683 Words   |  3 PagesRegardless of gender or age, some companies subject their employees to harsh working conditions, under minimum wage payment, exhausting working hours, and even corporal and/or physical assault. These Sweatshops are still going on today and very little has been done. Many children are working in sweatshops at this present time. According to Chitra Divakaruni, those children are sold to employers by their parents at the age of 5 or 6...these children, spend their days in dark, ill-ventilated rooms doingRead MoreSweatshops and Child Labor Essay1762 Words   |  8 PagesSamsung Electronics said it has found evidence of suspected child labour at a factory of its Chinese supplier Dongguan Shinyang Electronics. The firm conducted an investigation into the supplier after New York-based campaign group, China Labor Watch, accused it of hiring children. - - - BBC - 14 July 2014 The majority of Americans would be horrified to support a business that exploits the use of child labor to produce its goods. However, odds are we all supported these businesses the lastRead More Child Labor and Sweatshops are a Current Problem in the Fashion Industry1571 Words   |  7 PagesChild Labor and Sweatshops are a Current Problem in the Fashion Industry   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many societies face the much overlooked problem of child labor and sweatshops in the fashion industry. Recently, Americans were stunned to learn that their apple pie sweetheart, Kathie Lee Gifford was associated with the exploitation of underage workers in Honduras. Giffords story began the resurgence of knowledge of the growing problem of sweatshops in todays society. Contrary to popular belief, sweatshopsRead MoreFlorence Kelley’s Description of Child Labor and Sweatshops Essay2079 Words   |  9 Pageseighteen-hundreds, there was the desire for cheap labor. Consumer demand for clothes and manufactured products played a big part in this issue. The desire for manufacturers to meet the increasing consumer demand ultimately led to the hiring of children and other individuals. To reduce expenditures, working conditions did not play a major concern in the factory owners’ decisions. These factories were not very safe and sanitation was poor . Oftentimes many of these sweatshop workers were found working many hoursRead MoreComing From The Republic Of Ghana1527 Words   |  7 PagesComing from The Republic of Ghana, I know firsthand that sweatshops and the child labor that takes place in them can be both dehumanizing and destructive. However, I also understand the benefits of sweatshops. Despite all the facts that prove that sweatshops and the child labor that happens in them are bad, the truth of the matter is that some places have now become so dependent on the income they are receiving from sweatshops that there is no alternative in their minds. In addition, some kids haveRead MoreSweatshops : The United States Of America1651 Words   |  7 PagesSweatshops can be defined in many different ways. Sweatshops are factories that don’t follow U.S. fundamental labor laws. This includes; if the workers are getting paid enough; or if they are getting taken advantage of because of age. Sweatshops are factories that mostly make clothing, and have workers that work long hours at low costs in terrible conditions. In fact, this happens mostly in underdeveloped or developing countries. According to the website, â€Å"dosomething.org† in the article â€Å"11Read MoreChinas Factories and Sweatshop 1125 Words   |  4 PagesChina Sweatshop When you go shopping to Walmart or Apple ask yourself where your product is coming from. China has numerous sweatshop factories assembling USAs products from stores as Apple and Walmart. China’s Sweatshop tends to violate human labor’s rights by forcing overtime and going under the mandatory minimum wage and other violations as long hour without pay, sexual, and physical harassment. Chinas sweatshop factory tends to be quite popular because is cheap labor, free trade zone, orRead MoreSweatshops And The United States Essay1344 Words   |  6 Pagesmanufactured overseas in sweatshops. Since the beginning of factories and businesses, owners have always looked for a way to cut production costs while still managing to produce large quantities of their product. It was found that the best way to cut costs was to utilize cheap labor in factories known as sweatshops. According to the US General Account Office, sweatshops are defined as a â€Å"business that regularly violates both wage or child labor and safety or health laws†. These sweatshops exploit their workersRead MoreEssay on The Industrial Revolution:Lesson Learned?921 Words   |  4 Pageshorrid period of time for people of the working class. The Industrial Revolution brought pain, suffering, and deaths to huge amounts of people, and yet, the economists off today have not learned the lesson. Sweatshops are the modern day versions of factories during the Industrial Revolution. Sweatshops and factories of the Industrial Revolution share many similarities in both the way they run and the owners who run them. Both facilities enforce poor working conditions and unfair pay, employ children that

Are Mental Disorders Biological Or Environmental

Alissa Macek Macek 1 Mrs.Wickham English 9 4 March 2016 Are mental disorders biological or environmental? For years the nurture versus nature debate has been argued by people around the world. Mental disorders are one of the main topics discussed among these people. Mental disorders apply to many mental health conditions that can affect someone’s emotions, logic, and attitude. According to The Kim Foundation, 26.2 percent of Americans who are 18 or older suffer from†¦show more content†¦People with a family member who has an illness is more likely to inherit the trait but certain circumstances affect the development and doesn’t ensure the chance of it happening. It has been proven that more serious diseases such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are usually drawn back to past family members with the same disorder. This does not guarantee that the relative gets the illness but highers the chance of contracting the disease. Diseases such as obsessive- compulsive disorder and depression are less geneti c. Infections have also been associated to brain damage. Infections can bring a possibility of causing an illness or affecting the symptoms in a negative way. A condition called pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder is identified with a bacteria called Streptococcus. This bacteria has been associated with obsessive- compulsive disorder and other diseases. Brain defects and prenatal injuries have been related to mental illnesses and usually form in early life. Substance misuse is another key factor in the development of a disorder. This abuse has been related to anxiety, depression, and paranoia. Some others factors that can contribute to the development of a mental disorder are poor health and disclosure to harmful substances. Biological factors play a major role is forming a mental disorder. Many scientists believe these are the main reasons for the formation of an illness but is it really?

Erickson - 888 Words

Erikson s theory of personality Main article: Erikson s stages of psychosocial development Erikson was a Neo-Freudian. He has been described as an ego psychologist studying the stages of development, spanning the entire lifespan. Each of Erikson s stages of psychosocial development is marked by a conflict for which successful resolution will result in a favourable outcome, and by an important event that this conflict resolves itself around. Favorable outcomes of each stage are sometimes known as virtues, a term used in the context of Erikson s work as it is applied to medicine, meaning potencies. Erikson s research suggests that each individual must learn how to hold both extremes of each specific life-stage†¦show more content†¦3.Purpose - Initiative vs. Guilt - Preschool / 3–6 years - Does the child have the ability to or do things on their own, such as dress him or herself? If guilty about making his or her own choices, the child will not function well. Erikson has a positive outlook on this stage, saying that most guilt is quickly compensated by a sense of accomplishment. 4.Competence - Industry vs. Inferiority - School-age / 6-11. Child comparing self-worth to others (such as in a classroom environment). Child can recognize major disparities in personal abilities relative to other children. Erikson places some emphasis on the teacher, who should ensure that children do not feel inferior. 5.Fidelity - Identity vs. Role Confusion - Adolescent / 12 years till 20. Questioning of self. Who am I, how do I fit in? Where am I going in life? Erikson believes, that if the parents allow the child to explore, they will conclude their own identity. However, if the parents continually push him/her to conform to their views, the teen will face identity confusion. 6.Intimacy vs. isolation - This is the first stage of adult development. This development usually happens during young adulthood, which is between the ages of 20 to 24. Dating, marriage, family a nd friendships are important during the stage in their life. By successfully forming loving relationships with other people, individuals are able to experience love and intimacy. Those who fail to form lastingShow MoreRelatedErickson: The Stages of Development954 Words   |  4 Pages Erickson Stages Erickson thought development was not gradual and and occurred through steps kind of like Freud. His steps were based on biological maturation, important new knowledge, and conflicts. He developed eight steps that focused on the changing of personality and developing your identity. Erickson developments stages differed from Freuds because Erickson focused on social environment and not sexual drives. Erickson believed that each stage in a person life that have to over come aRead More`` Precious `` By Erik Erickson818 Words   |  4 PagesClaireece â€Å"Precious â€Å"Jones is 16 years old. According to her age she is Identity vs. Identity Confusion stage of development according to Erik Erickson. This stage occurs during adolescence between the ages of approximately 12 to 18. Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. During this stage, adolescents explore their independence and develop a sense of self (Cherry, 2015). In the beginning Precious did not have a sense of Identity. Precious was disoriented as she was failingRead MoreErickson s Theory Of Development1382 Words   |  6 PagesErickson has developed a psychosocial theory, which was modeled on Freud s model of psychosexual theory. Erickson s theory extends the number of life stages in order to encompass the entire life. Erickson expanded the principles of psychosocial development beyond childhood and theorized that the ego itself is shaped and transformed not only by biological and psychological forces, but also social factors. This was a new perspective because Freud s theory didn t use any other factors for developmentRead MoreAnalysis Of Erick Erickson Theory748 Words   |  3 PagesErick Erickson was one of the most profound theorists of psychosocial development which are comprised of eight stages. His concepts were the ones I could identify with prior to taking Human Growth and Development course. This theory is based on the stages in which certain types of conflicts a re being resolved which trigger conflicts at various stages. My knowledge of Erick Erickson is he placed high emphasizes on the impact culture and society has on the ego logical level. Before taking Human GrowthRead MoreEssay on Freud V Erickson1371 Words   |  6 Pagesterms as the desire to release mental energy. This lasts until puberty, when mature genital development begins, and the pleasure drive refocuses around the genital area.(Amacher) It was also a friend and fellow psychoanalyst of Freud’s, Erik Erickson, who created one of the major theories that open a window to the development of everything that makes us who we are on the inside. It is referred to as Erickson’s Theory of Human Development and it simplifies the complex topic of human personalityRead MoreErick Erickson : Identity And Identity1885 Words   |  8 Pages Erick Erickson, identity was the core issue, his own sense of self were complex. His attractive mother Karla Abrahamsen, she was Danish from a very comfortable, middle class Jewish family. On their honeymoon in Rome, she parted from her first husband. He traveled abroad and she never seen him again. Erickson was born a few years later in Germany in 1902, where she stayed with some aunts. Erickson never knew who his biological father was. His mother would never tell them (Erick Erickson, sharperRead MoreErickson ´s Identity Formation617 Words   |  2 PagesAccording to Eriks on (1950), identity formation is a period during adolescence (starting in puberty to late teens and towards early/middle adulthood) where one experiences a crisis (a choice). During this crisis, adolescents are making choices about their ideology (the ways in which they view the world) and their career (who are they going to be in the world). Adolescence is also characterized by the commitments and personal investments one makes to these choices. This is a crucial point in one’sRead MoreThe, The Hungry Cowboy, By Karla A. Erickson Essay1164 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION: Does the race/ethnicity of Saint Mary’s students affect the interactions to the Sodexo workers? This question was inspired through a book called, The Hungry Cowboy, by Karla A. Erickson, who participated in her own observations in a restaurant viewing the social interactions among the people in the restaurant. The idea of observing and participating in social observations involved more than just asking people questions or sending out a survey, it is actively being a part of the observationRead MoreErik Erickson s Theory Of Development1015 Words   |  5 PagesErik Erickson’s Theory of Development Erickson does not discuss psychosexual stages like Freud, but rather, psychosocial stages. There are eight different stages in this development theory, which may seem like a lot, but it delves deep into multiple stages and ages of life. Similar to Freud, he believes that a crisis happens at each stage of development, â€Å"these crises are of a psychosocial nature because they involve psychological needs of the individual (i.e. psycho) conflicting with the needsRead MorePsychological and Physical Aspects of Hypnosis and the Role of Relaxation in Hypnotherapy2052 Words   |  9 Pagesinfluence. Hypnosis can be used in many ways such as stage entertainment, therapy and as a means of investigation. For example Milton Erickson who is known as the father of modern hypnosis said â€Å"You use hypnosis not as a cure but as a means of establishing a favourable climate in which to learn.† (1 Erickson http://pfti.org/great-teachers/milton-erickson-2/milton-erickson-quotes/), this is a great way of looking at the use of hypnosis in therapy. Hypnosis is still very much clouded by scepticism and

MooBella free essay sample

What categories of costs would you expect to see in a list of MooBella start-up costs? The categories of costs that I would expect to see in a list of MooBella start-up costs are as follows: -Equipment, furniture, and fixtures -Leasehold improvements -Installation of equipment and fixtures -Computers and other technology -Owner time -Professional services -Promotion and advertising -Insurance -Debt service -Taxes -Franchise fees Supplies /products cost per machine -Inventory -Wages and benefits. It took nearly 20 years from idea to market for MooBella. Clearly, it had a long development and start-up period. Reflect on the emotional and other nonmonetary factors that were likely involved for Bruce Ginsberg. One critical component of getting an accurate startup cost estimate is to determine the length of time its going to take you to open your startup business. MooBella had almost taken 20 years for the idea to market and develop. Even though it seemed to be a simple concept it was technically complex and nearly cost the company $85 million to bring to market. We will write a custom essay sample on MooBella or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There were so many challenges with the research, development and start-up processes. The machines were very costly and it took 5 years to complete the computer portion of the project. Under Bruce Ginsbergs leadership, the Companys technology transitioned from a research development project into a marketable product. During this time, Mr. Ginsberg oversaw the implementation of the MooBella brand, and the solicitation of consumer feedback. Mr. Ginsberg’s dream was to create made-to-order hard-pack ice cream that had an excellent flavor and texture. It was all about the freshness. He put his own money up to start the business and carried his reputation and 30 plus years of experience with him to the development of this company. 3. What was the mix of funds used by MooBella to get started? To get started, the mix of funds that MooBella used to get started was with the help of a few investors including; Saturn Asset Management, Inventages, Bruce Ginsberg, and W Health LP. 4. What are the start-up costs that you would expect to encounter if you were a company that purchased a MooBella machine? The start-up costs that I would expect to encounter if I were a company that purchased a MooBella machine would be the lease payment of $400 a month, the price for the ingredients, utility expense, licenses and or a permit, maintenance and service expense, taxes and insurance for the equipment. I would also have to be concerned about the cost of sales. Picking the right location is key where lots of foot traffic take place. Some vending machine business owners grow their operations over time. They start part-time and then acquire more vending machines and locations as their profits grow. Because a MooBella machine does not require employees or other expensive overhead, a significant amount of cost for wages and benefits is eliminated.

Kant1 Essay Example For Students

Kant1 Essay Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) had an interesting ethical system for reasoning. It is based on a belief that the reason is the final authority for morality. In Kant?s eyes reason is directly correlated with morals and ideals. Actions of any sort, he believed, must be undertaken from a sense of duty dictated by reason, and no action performed for appropriateness or solely in obedience to law or custom can be regarded as moral. A moral act is an act done for the right reasons. Kant would argue that to make a promise for the wrong reason is not moral you might as well not make the promise. You must have a duty code inside of you or it will not come through in your actions otherwise. Our reasoning ability will always allow us to know what our duty is. Kant described two types of common commands given by reason: the hypothetical imperative, which dictates a given course of action to reach a specific end; and the categorical imperative, which dictates a course of action that must be followed be cause of its rightness and necessity. The categorical imperative is the basis of morality and was stated by Kant in these words: Act as if the maxim of your action were to become through your will and general natural law. Therefore, before proceeding to act, you must decide what rule you would be following if you were to act, whether you are willing for that rule to be followed by everyone all over. If you are willing to universalize the act, it must be moral; if you are not, then the act is morally impermissible. Kant believes that moral rules have no exceptions. Therefore, it is wrong to kill in all situations, even those of self-defense. This belief comes from the Universal Law theory. Since we would never want murder to become a universal law, then it must be not moral in all situations. Kant believes killing could never be universal, therefore it is wrong in each and every situation. There are never any extenuating circumstances, such as self-defense. The act is either wrong or right, based on his universality law. For example, giving money to a beggar just to get him to leave you alone would be judged not moral by Kant because it was done for the wrong reason. With Kant?s belief in mind; if the consequence of immoral behavior were dealt with in a legal structure, people would be prosecuted for EVERYTHING since there are no extenuating circumstances. Kants categorical imperative is a tri-dynamic statement of philosophical thought:(1) So act that the maxim of your will could always hold at the same time as a principle establishing universal law.(2) Act so as to treat humanity, whether in your own person in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only.'(3) Act according to the maxims if a universally legislative member of a merely potential kingdom of ends. In other words, Kant argues that particular action requires conscious thought of the rule governing the action. Whether if everyone should follow that rule, and if the rule is acceptable f or universal action, it should be adopted. If the rule is unacceptable, then it should be rejected. In order to understand whether or not an action follows Kants categorical imperative, we must prescribe those norms that we wish to be universal laws. These norms are created through value judgments based on issues of justice between persons or groups (nations, etc.) of persons. Kants theories discuss the ethical questions that determine impartial consideration of conflicting interest in issues of justice. Kant also states that because we must believe that all things develop to their fullest capacity, then we can theorize in summary, through cognitive processes we can create communities, based on moral (ethical) action towards every person, thereby creating universal ethics throughout the community or republic. With that in mind, it appears that Kant makes statements that assume all people within like republics can achieve a level of cognition equal to one another, for without that eq uanimity of cognition and judgment, then the conflict issues cannot be rationalized through creation of universal law. The statement that all people can achieve a similar level of cognition seems preposterous in our modern world cognition in the sense of like thought. Because we need the principles of Kants categorically designed thought and action to have universal acceptance; we must be willing to accept the undesirable psychological deviants within the republic. If we cant accept that a person?s cognition is capable of universability, then we must dominate that person by removing them from the republic. This in itself contradicts Kants theory because in order to end domination, we must yield to and follow our cognitive thought and this cannot be done because the deviant doesnt achieve the same level of cognition as the rest of the republic. This example seems to point out a flaw in Kant?s reasoning and his belief of achieving similar or same ethical norms to follow. We must make the judgment on whether or not universal ethics is possible. I believe that a bit of universability exists in certain social mores and norms throughout the world; dont kill your neighbor, be kind to animals, incest is wrong, etc. yet, individual perception of the world by people prevents the possibility of an all-encompassing universal code of ethics. Furthermore, we have no way, to prove that our principles based on perception can be rationally applied. Because of this inability to prove rational application of perception and thus moral principle based on that perception, we are unable to demonstrate the rational justification of any universal principle or ethic. Application of the principles is central to creating universal ethics, yet it seems that we cannot prove rational application of the principles and thus fall short of gaining universal consensus on what those should be. To Kant, these principles can be made applicable through his transcendental arguments, but there remains the fact that he agreed sensory (and thus transcendental) experience couldn?t be accepted as empirical givens. This leaves the sensory or transcendental experience open to interpretation. Empirical evidence creates responses that can be repealed time and again with identical or nearly identical results. Kant does make arguments for empirical thought in his, The Postulates of Empirical Thought Section of the book Critique of Pure Reason, but his questions of an event what became of that? and What brought that about? fail to argue concisely about real and logical possibilities. Because of his lack of definite statement, Kant fails to prove through his empirical thought arguments that empirical thought or action can be universal. Kant followed his book, Critique of Pure Reason, with Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, in which he argues at length on moral judgment, practical reasoning and the like. Without having read the book in its entirety, it seems that Kant provides example upon example on the possibility of universal ethics. People attempt to describe good based on virtuous thought. Virtuous thought supposes that a virtuous person has a fairly explicit conception of what is called happiness. Kant?s perception skews the persons thought because each person perceives an event (whatever the event may be) differently. It is this difference in what people perceive that creates opposing viewpoints on good whether virtuous or not. Any attempt to provide a universal ethic to the community is impeded by the community itself. 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