Are Mental Disorders Biological Or Environmental

Alissa Macek Macek 1 Mrs.Wickham English 9 4 March 2016 Are mental disorders biological or environmental? For years the nurture versus nature debate has been argued by people around the world. Mental disorders are one of the main topics discussed among these people. Mental disorders apply to many mental health conditions that can affect someone’s emotions, logic, and attitude. According to The Kim Foundation, 26.2 percent of Americans who are 18 or older suffer from†¦show more content†¦People with a family member who has an illness is more likely to inherit the trait but certain circumstances affect the development and doesn’t ensure the chance of it happening. It has been proven that more serious diseases such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are usually drawn back to past family members with the same disorder. This does not guarantee that the relative gets the illness but highers the chance of contracting the disease. Diseases such as obsessive- compulsive disorder and depression are less geneti c. Infections have also been associated to brain damage. Infections can bring a possibility of causing an illness or affecting the symptoms in a negative way. A condition called pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder is identified with a bacteria called Streptococcus. This bacteria has been associated with obsessive- compulsive disorder and other diseases. Brain defects and prenatal injuries have been related to mental illnesses and usually form in early life. Substance misuse is another key factor in the development of a disorder. This abuse has been related to anxiety, depression, and paranoia. Some others factors that can contribute to the development of a mental disorder are poor health and disclosure to harmful substances. Biological factors play a major role is forming a mental disorder. Many scientists believe these are the main reasons for the formation of an illness but is it really?

Erickson - 888 Words

Erikson s theory of personality Main article: Erikson s stages of psychosocial development Erikson was a Neo-Freudian. He has been described as an ego psychologist studying the stages of development, spanning the entire lifespan. Each of Erikson s stages of psychosocial development is marked by a conflict for which successful resolution will result in a favourable outcome, and by an important event that this conflict resolves itself around. Favorable outcomes of each stage are sometimes known as virtues, a term used in the context of Erikson s work as it is applied to medicine, meaning potencies. Erikson s research suggests that each individual must learn how to hold both extremes of each specific life-stage†¦show more content†¦3.Purpose - Initiative vs. Guilt - Preschool / 3–6 years - Does the child have the ability to or do things on their own, such as dress him or herself? If guilty about making his or her own choices, the child will not function well. Erikson has a positive outlook on this stage, saying that most guilt is quickly compensated by a sense of accomplishment. 4.Competence - Industry vs. Inferiority - School-age / 6-11. Child comparing self-worth to others (such as in a classroom environment). Child can recognize major disparities in personal abilities relative to other children. Erikson places some emphasis on the teacher, who should ensure that children do not feel inferior. 5.Fidelity - Identity vs. Role Confusion - Adolescent / 12 years till 20. Questioning of self. Who am I, how do I fit in? Where am I going in life? Erikson believes, that if the parents allow the child to explore, they will conclude their own identity. However, if the parents continually push him/her to conform to their views, the teen will face identity confusion. 6.Intimacy vs. isolation - This is the first stage of adult development. This development usually happens during young adulthood, which is between the ages of 20 to 24. Dating, marriage, family a nd friendships are important during the stage in their life. By successfully forming loving relationships with other people, individuals are able to experience love and intimacy. Those who fail to form lastingShow MoreRelatedErickson: The Stages of Development954 Words   |  4 Pages Erickson Stages Erickson thought development was not gradual and and occurred through steps kind of like Freud. His steps were based on biological maturation, important new knowledge, and conflicts. He developed eight steps that focused on the changing of personality and developing your identity. Erickson developments stages differed from Freuds because Erickson focused on social environment and not sexual drives. Erickson believed that each stage in a person life that have to over come aRead More`` Precious `` By Erik Erickson818 Words   |  4 PagesClaireece â€Å"Precious â€Å"Jones is 16 years old. According to her age she is Identity vs. Identity Confusion stage of development according to Erik Erickson. This stage occurs during adolescence between the ages of approximately 12 to 18. Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. During this stage, adolescents explore their independence and develop a sense of self (Cherry, 2015). In the beginning Precious did not have a sense of Identity. Precious was disoriented as she was failingRead MoreErickson s Theory Of Development1382 Words   |  6 PagesErickson has developed a psychosocial theory, which was modeled on Freud s model of psychosexual theory. Erickson s theory extends the number of life stages in order to encompass the entire life. Erickson expanded the principles of psychosocial development beyond childhood and theorized that the ego itself is shaped and transformed not only by biological and psychological forces, but also social factors. This was a new perspective because Freud s theory didn t use any other factors for developmentRead MoreAnalysis Of Erick Erickson Theory748 Words   |  3 PagesErick Erickson was one of the most profound theorists of psychosocial development which are comprised of eight stages. His concepts were the ones I could identify with prior to taking Human Growth and Development course. This theory is based on the stages in which certain types of conflicts a re being resolved which trigger conflicts at various stages. My knowledge of Erick Erickson is he placed high emphasizes on the impact culture and society has on the ego logical level. Before taking Human GrowthRead MoreEssay on Freud V Erickson1371 Words   |  6 Pagesterms as the desire to release mental energy. This lasts until puberty, when mature genital development begins, and the pleasure drive refocuses around the genital area.(Amacher) It was also a friend and fellow psychoanalyst of Freud’s, Erik Erickson, who created one of the major theories that open a window to the development of everything that makes us who we are on the inside. It is referred to as Erickson’s Theory of Human Development and it simplifies the complex topic of human personalityRead MoreErick Erickson : Identity And Identity1885 Words   |  8 Pages Erick Erickson, identity was the core issue, his own sense of self were complex. His attractive mother Karla Abrahamsen, she was Danish from a very comfortable, middle class Jewish family. On their honeymoon in Rome, she parted from her first husband. He traveled abroad and she never seen him again. Erickson was born a few years later in Germany in 1902, where she stayed with some aunts. Erickson never knew who his biological father was. His mother would never tell them (Erick Erickson, sharperRead MoreErickson ´s Identity Formation617 Words   |  2 PagesAccording to Eriks on (1950), identity formation is a period during adolescence (starting in puberty to late teens and towards early/middle adulthood) where one experiences a crisis (a choice). During this crisis, adolescents are making choices about their ideology (the ways in which they view the world) and their career (who are they going to be in the world). Adolescence is also characterized by the commitments and personal investments one makes to these choices. This is a crucial point in one’sRead MoreThe, The Hungry Cowboy, By Karla A. Erickson Essay1164 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION: Does the race/ethnicity of Saint Mary’s students affect the interactions to the Sodexo workers? This question was inspired through a book called, The Hungry Cowboy, by Karla A. Erickson, who participated in her own observations in a restaurant viewing the social interactions among the people in the restaurant. The idea of observing and participating in social observations involved more than just asking people questions or sending out a survey, it is actively being a part of the observationRead MoreErik Erickson s Theory Of Development1015 Words   |  5 PagesErik Erickson’s Theory of Development Erickson does not discuss psychosexual stages like Freud, but rather, psychosocial stages. There are eight different stages in this development theory, which may seem like a lot, but it delves deep into multiple stages and ages of life. Similar to Freud, he believes that a crisis happens at each stage of development, â€Å"these crises are of a psychosocial nature because they involve psychological needs of the individual (i.e. psycho) conflicting with the needsRead MorePsychological and Physical Aspects of Hypnosis and the Role of Relaxation in Hypnotherapy2052 Words   |  9 Pagesinfluence. Hypnosis can be used in many ways such as stage entertainment, therapy and as a means of investigation. For example Milton Erickson who is known as the father of modern hypnosis said â€Å"You use hypnosis not as a cure but as a means of establishing a favourable climate in which to learn.† (1 Erickson http://pfti.org/great-teachers/milton-erickson-2/milton-erickson-quotes/), this is a great way of looking at the use of hypnosis in therapy. Hypnosis is still very much clouded by scepticism and

MooBella free essay sample

What categories of costs would you expect to see in a list of MooBella start-up costs? The categories of costs that I would expect to see in a list of MooBella start-up costs are as follows: -Equipment, furniture, and fixtures -Leasehold improvements -Installation of equipment and fixtures -Computers and other technology -Owner time -Professional services -Promotion and advertising -Insurance -Debt service -Taxes -Franchise fees Supplies /products cost per machine -Inventory -Wages and benefits. It took nearly 20 years from idea to market for MooBella. Clearly, it had a long development and start-up period. Reflect on the emotional and other nonmonetary factors that were likely involved for Bruce Ginsberg. One critical component of getting an accurate startup cost estimate is to determine the length of time its going to take you to open your startup business. MooBella had almost taken 20 years for the idea to market and develop. Even though it seemed to be a simple concept it was technically complex and nearly cost the company $85 million to bring to market. We will write a custom essay sample on MooBella or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There were so many challenges with the research, development and start-up processes. The machines were very costly and it took 5 years to complete the computer portion of the project. Under Bruce Ginsbergs leadership, the Companys technology transitioned from a research development project into a marketable product. During this time, Mr. Ginsberg oversaw the implementation of the MooBella brand, and the solicitation of consumer feedback. Mr. Ginsberg’s dream was to create made-to-order hard-pack ice cream that had an excellent flavor and texture. It was all about the freshness. He put his own money up to start the business and carried his reputation and 30 plus years of experience with him to the development of this company. 3. What was the mix of funds used by MooBella to get started? To get started, the mix of funds that MooBella used to get started was with the help of a few investors including; Saturn Asset Management, Inventages, Bruce Ginsberg, and W Health LP. 4. What are the start-up costs that you would expect to encounter if you were a company that purchased a MooBella machine? The start-up costs that I would expect to encounter if I were a company that purchased a MooBella machine would be the lease payment of $400 a month, the price for the ingredients, utility expense, licenses and or a permit, maintenance and service expense, taxes and insurance for the equipment. I would also have to be concerned about the cost of sales. Picking the right location is key where lots of foot traffic take place. Some vending machine business owners grow their operations over time. They start part-time and then acquire more vending machines and locations as their profits grow. Because a MooBella machine does not require employees or other expensive overhead, a significant amount of cost for wages and benefits is eliminated.

Kant1 Essay Example For Students

Kant1 Essay Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) had an interesting ethical system for reasoning. It is based on a belief that the reason is the final authority for morality. In Kant?s eyes reason is directly correlated with morals and ideals. Actions of any sort, he believed, must be undertaken from a sense of duty dictated by reason, and no action performed for appropriateness or solely in obedience to law or custom can be regarded as moral. A moral act is an act done for the right reasons. Kant would argue that to make a promise for the wrong reason is not moral you might as well not make the promise. You must have a duty code inside of you or it will not come through in your actions otherwise. Our reasoning ability will always allow us to know what our duty is. Kant described two types of common commands given by reason: the hypothetical imperative, which dictates a given course of action to reach a specific end; and the categorical imperative, which dictates a course of action that must be followed be cause of its rightness and necessity. The categorical imperative is the basis of morality and was stated by Kant in these words: Act as if the maxim of your action were to become through your will and general natural law. Therefore, before proceeding to act, you must decide what rule you would be following if you were to act, whether you are willing for that rule to be followed by everyone all over. If you are willing to universalize the act, it must be moral; if you are not, then the act is morally impermissible. Kant believes that moral rules have no exceptions. Therefore, it is wrong to kill in all situations, even those of self-defense. This belief comes from the Universal Law theory. Since we would never want murder to become a universal law, then it must be not moral in all situations. Kant believes killing could never be universal, therefore it is wrong in each and every situation. There are never any extenuating circumstances, such as self-defense. The act is either wrong or right, based on his universality law. For example, giving money to a beggar just to get him to leave you alone would be judged not moral by Kant because it was done for the wrong reason. With Kant?s belief in mind; if the consequence of immoral behavior were dealt with in a legal structure, people would be prosecuted for EVERYTHING since there are no extenuating circumstances. Kants categorical imperative is a tri-dynamic statement of philosophical thought:(1) So act that the maxim of your will could always hold at the same time as a principle establishing universal law.(2) Act so as to treat humanity, whether in your own person in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only.'(3) Act according to the maxims if a universally legislative member of a merely potential kingdom of ends. In other words, Kant argues that particular action requires conscious thought of the rule governing the action. Whether if everyone should follow that rule, and if the rule is acceptable f or universal action, it should be adopted. If the rule is unacceptable, then it should be rejected. In order to understand whether or not an action follows Kants categorical imperative, we must prescribe those norms that we wish to be universal laws. These norms are created through value judgments based on issues of justice between persons or groups (nations, etc.) of persons. Kants theories discuss the ethical questions that determine impartial consideration of conflicting interest in issues of justice. Kant also states that because we must believe that all things develop to their fullest capacity, then we can theorize in summary, through cognitive processes we can create communities, based on moral (ethical) action towards every person, thereby creating universal ethics throughout the community or republic. With that in mind, it appears that Kant makes statements that assume all people within like republics can achieve a level of cognition equal to one another, for without that eq uanimity of cognition and judgment, then the conflict issues cannot be rationalized through creation of universal law. The statement that all people can achieve a similar level of cognition seems preposterous in our modern world cognition in the sense of like thought. Because we need the principles of Kants categorically designed thought and action to have universal acceptance; we must be willing to accept the undesirable psychological deviants within the republic. If we cant accept that a person?s cognition is capable of universability, then we must dominate that person by removing them from the republic. This in itself contradicts Kants theory because in order to end domination, we must yield to and follow our cognitive thought and this cannot be done because the deviant doesnt achieve the same level of cognition as the rest of the republic. This example seems to point out a flaw in Kant?s reasoning and his belief of achieving similar or same ethical norms to follow. We must make the judgment on whether or not universal ethics is possible. I believe that a bit of universability exists in certain social mores and norms throughout the world; dont kill your neighbor, be kind to animals, incest is wrong, etc. yet, individual perception of the world by people prevents the possibility of an all-encompassing universal code of ethics. Furthermore, we have no way, to prove that our principles based on perception can be rationally applied. Because of this inability to prove rational application of perception and thus moral principle based on that perception, we are unable to demonstrate the rational justification of any universal principle or ethic. Application of the principles is central to creating universal ethics, yet it seems that we cannot prove rational application of the principles and thus fall short of gaining universal consensus on what those should be. To Kant, these principles can be made applicable through his transcendental arguments, but there remains the fact that he agreed sensory (and thus transcendental) experience couldn?t be accepted as empirical givens. This leaves the sensory or transcendental experience open to interpretation. Empirical evidence creates responses that can be repealed time and again with identical or nearly identical results. Kant does make arguments for empirical thought in his, The Postulates of Empirical Thought Section of the book Critique of Pure Reason, but his questions of an event what became of that? and What brought that about? fail to argue concisely about real and logical possibilities. Because of his lack of definite statement, Kant fails to prove through his empirical thought arguments that empirical thought or action can be universal. Kant followed his book, Critique of Pure Reason, with Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, in which he argues at length on moral judgment, practical reasoning and the like. Without having read the book in its entirety, it seems that Kant provides example upon example on the possibility of universal ethics. People attempt to describe good based on virtuous thought. Virtuous thought supposes that a virtuous person has a fairly explicit conception of what is called happiness. Kant?s perception skews the persons thought because each person perceives an event (whatever the event may be) differently. It is this difference in what people perceive that creates opposing viewpoints on good whether virtuous or not. Any attempt to provide a universal ethic to the community is impeded by the community itself. Not only was it an impossible task in Kants time, but it is still impossible todayBibliography: .u6d556588da9abb9b2cc5b45484f515ad , .u6d556588da9abb9b2cc5b45484f515ad .postImageUrl , .u6d556588da9abb9b2cc5b45484f515ad .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6d556588da9abb9b2cc5b45484f515ad , .u6d556588da9abb9b2cc5b45484f515ad:hover , .u6d556588da9abb9b2cc5b45484f515ad:visited , .u6d556588da9abb9b2cc5b45484f515ad:active { border:0!important; } .u6d556588da9abb9b2cc5b45484f515ad .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6d556588da9abb9b2cc5b45484f515ad { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6d556588da9abb9b2cc5b45484f515ad:active , .u6d556588da9abb9b2cc5b45484f515ad:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6d556588da9abb9b2cc5b45484f515ad .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6d556588da9abb9b2cc5b45484f515ad .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6d556588da9abb9b2cc5b45484f515ad .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6d556588da9abb9b2cc5b45484f515ad .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6d556588da9abb9b2cc5b45484f515ad:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6d556588da9abb9b2cc5b45484f515ad .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6d556588da9abb9b2cc5b45484f515ad .u6d556588da9abb9b2cc5b45484f515ad-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6d556588da9abb9b2cc5b45484f515ad:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Direct Democracy vs Representative Democracy Essay

W. K. Clifford Essay, The Ethics of Belief

In the W. K. Clifford essay, ‘The ethics of belief,’ he stated that creating a belief is the right way and subject of true ethical significance. Clifford provided an opinion in opposition to theism where his statements can be put in three points; there is inadequate evidence to believe that there is existence of God, it is incorrect forever, all over, and for anybody to support anything without providing any evidence, and generally it is a mistake to say that God exist.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on W. K. Clifford Essay, ‘The Ethics of Belief’ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He saw the matter as an ethical and moral example. It is ethically incorrect to believe something without providing any support to the claim. Clifford used some examples to express people who create their beliefs without providing any evidence. Clifford asserts that people should criticize these subjects, therefor e supporting their beliefs. Believing in Gods’ existence without providing enough evidence is not correct as supported by Clifford in his essay. James’s main idea is that if options exist, forced, and crucial and may not be solved through intellectual ways, somebody can and have to allow his or her non-rational nature to create the selection. Somebody believes what he expects to be correct or anything which makes somebody very happy, and here everybody appears to have a great difference with Clifford. Clifford’s analysis seems to be the same in this situation. Somebody is ethically required to suspend conclusion, to pursue the way of not believing, because doing otherwise would be trusting on intellectually inadequate evidence. Williams James stated that when the issue of morality appears, more common matters concerning what is most significant or most valuable entailed in life, people find themselves with options which exist, forced, and important and are not s olve on intellectual basis. In contrary, Clifford’s claim is self-refuting where he maintains a moral perspective; it is incorrect forever, all over, and for anybody to support anything without providing evidence. For the issue of Gods’ existence, Clifford argued that if somebody does not have adequate evidence to believe that God exist, therefore they should not have beliefs. James stated that supporting this, somebody would lose everything good which comes with religion. James said that somebody’s dedication to their beliefs in God, if right or wrong, possesses huge impact on the outcome. The issue about power has taken omnipotence as constant and that the theory supports the existence of something powerful than an omnipotent. It is theoretically likely that omnipotent being may be able to create anything powerful; however the definition of every piece of argument and the capacity of Him should be made with great accuracy before handling it. It is simply not r ealistic but a logical mistake.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Omnipotence is really relatively unclear and handles power in several forms. Possibly a deity could be all-powerful simply since it can decide not to make anything more powerful. Or perhaps it is just irrational to make anything more powerful. Furthermore, classifying deities as part of all, something would create this issue invalid of any significance. In conclusion, if somebody was to search for solution to scientific and testable issues, it would be wrong to depend on individual beliefs instead of evidence and facts. Alternatively, because God is not like any other being that can be proved through testing, if it is in my greatest significance to have belief in God, I should. This essay on W. K. Clifford Essay, ‘The Ethics of Belief’ was written and submitted by user Adonis Barr to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Toefl Essay Sample From Personal Experience

Toefl Essay Sample From Personal ExperienceDid you know that there is a TOEFL essay sample from personal experience for every age group, from kindergarten through high school? Well, I'm sure most of you knew this because it was said in one of the TOEFL FAQs. But some of you may not have realized that it applies to everyone.All adults have heard of the English language. And probably read and re-read some storybook that taught them how to read. And yes, they were taught the basics of reading before their parents got them their first book.But we must be honest with ourselves and admit that English is no longer the king of the world. Not by a long shot. And certainly not by the standards of many Americans. However, since this is what we do, the knowledge of the basics of reading and writing English remains as vital to us as it ever has.We are all aware of the easy way out when it comes to English. The easy way out that has made many Americans cringe at the thought of reading and writing anything beyond high school level. It may even lead to dread and dismay for the self-conscious reader who dreads the thought of doing work.When it comes to TOEFL, as with any test that purports to measure how well you think, you are going to be tested on how you write. So, when it comes to the TOEFL, why not just have some fun and try to write an essay sample from personal experience? That's a whole lot easier than studying for and taking the test.In fact, a really good way to get a feel for writing an essay sample from personal experience is to ask someone that you already know to write an essay sample from personal experience. Ask them to use as many examples as possible. A phrase or two that they like best and can really express their feelings in.And if your friend knows someone that knows someone, the next time you want to see an essay sample from personal experience, put the phone down and go to the library and borrow the TOEFL. And don't forget to get the literature to back up what you are being told. Good advice that you can refer to again.The TOEFL is a tough test. But with the TOEFL essay sample from personal experience you will be able to remember more about English, and be prepared to take the real thing. Which is something that you'll need to do the first time around.

Alternative Dispute Resolution †ADR †Summary

Alternative Dispute Resolution – ADR – Summary Free Online Research Papers In Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), the informal dispute resolution process, each involved party mutually agrees to meet with a professional third party to constructively and efficiently resolve their dispute rather than go to court. Through ADR, the parties are encouraged to engage in negotiations that promptly lead to the resolution of their dispute. The most common forms of ADR are mediation and arbitration. Although ADR is usually conducted on a voluntary basis, sometimes the courts require it before the case is taken to court. Since the political and civil unrest in the 1960s, there has been a rapid growth of ADR in the United States. The new laws that protected individual rights and lack of tolerance for discrimination brought more people to lawsuits. The significant increase of lawsuits overloaded the court system with long delays. Mediation and arbitration became more popular as they alleviated some of the pressure on the court system. (Spangler, 2003) Today, ADR is used in several types of disputes in the United States. One example of successful conflict resolution involved the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and NIBCO, Inc. This resulted in a $750,000 settlement in 1996. The dispute lasted over two years and was close to an administrative hearing and possible litigation. NIBCO is â€Å"a worldwide manufacturer of flow control products for residential, commercial construction, industrial, and irrigation markets.† (NIBCO, Inc., 2007, 1) NIBCO’s products are manufactured by pouring molten brass into sand molds. The sand is then contaminated with lead and cadmium leaching from the brass. At the facility in Nacogdoches, Texas, NIBCO added iron fillings to the sand and then disposed of it in a municipal landfill. Using the guidelines outlined in their toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, EPA determined that the sand was hazardous waste. EPA also concluded that NIBCO was in violation of Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations since the sand was not treated with a permit. NIBCO disagreed. Their position stated that the sand’s treatment was part of the manufacturing process and not a waste; therefore, the treated sand was not hazardous waste. Under authority of RCRA, EPA filed an administrative enforcement action seeking injunctive relief and a $2.2 million penalty from NIBCO. Both sides prepared their case for an administrative law judge. As the hearing date approached, NIBCO was willing to change their treatment and disposal procedures. However, both parties could not agree on a penalty amount. NIBCO suggested mediation in order to avoid expense and the uncertainty of a hearing outcome. Since both parties agreed on Howard Seitzman as a mediator, EPA was agreeable to mediation. A one-day mediation session was scheduled. Progress during the first day of mediation appeared fruitless. As EPA attempted to compromise, NIBCO did not make motion toward a solution. At the end of the day, there was no resolution. After a few days, NIBCO contacted Mr. Seitzman with a settlement offer to be expressed to EPA. After several days of exchanges through Mr. Seitzman, EPA and NIBCO came to a penalty resolution of $750,000 in payments over a four-year period. Also, NIBCO agreed to remove the disposed sand from the municipal landfill and to install wells to monitor the landfills’ groundwater. Through the resolution, NIBCO encountered an added benefit: an arrangement with a copper smelting facility. Instead of discarding the waste sand in a landfill, NIBCO began to send its waste sand to the copper facility where it was used as a fluxing agent in the copper manufacturing process. Another positive outcome to the resolution involved the Sloan Valve Company as it was engaged in a similar dispute with EPA. After NIBCO’s settlement, Sloan agreed to settle and pay a penalty. (Kandell, 1999, 1) In an analysis of the effectiveness of the dispute resolution process in the NIBCO and EPA case, a positive outcome proved the effectiveness. Each party directly participated in the outline of the arbitration process through Mr. Seitzman and agreed on the definition of a resolution. With this type of involvement, each party had an increase of satisfaction to the outcome and increase compliance. Another beneficial factor was the speed of the proceedings as well as the savings in court costs. Due to an integrated approach through cooperation rather than competition, there was less escalation between parties as an agreement was reached. References Kandell, E. (1999, February 24). NIBCO Administrative Hearing Avoided Using Mediation. Retrieved November 4, 2007, from http://adr.gov/ces/cessuccess2.pdf NIBCO, Inc. (2007). About NIBCO. Retrieved November 5, 2007, from nibco.com/cms.do;jsessionid=VY6CIXgZPs6JruPqGEm5xg**.app1?id=4 Spangler, B. (2003, June). Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR). Retrieved November 5, 2007, from beyondintractability.org/essay/adr/ Research Papers on Alternative Dispute Resolution - ADR - SummaryDefinition of Export QuotasCapital PunishmentPETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Fifth HorsemanQuebec and CanadaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalOpen Architechture a white paperThe Project Managment Office System